In recent years, the need to undertake an energy transition has been increasingly prominent in the political debate and the effects of such an ongoing transition are leading to increasing global energy investments. The switch to the vast adoption of low-carbon technologies would lead to less environmentally-impactful energy production processes, however, it surely requires structural economic changes in terms of global supply chains. In particular, the concern around such technologies regards their relevant critical raw materials (CRMs) content, which consequently opens important geopolitical and energy security implications, and their role in global job creation/loss. These two dimensions are currently under investigation in the scientific literature and a comprehensive answer represents a substantial research gap. Such a complex context needs to be represented within complex and integrated modelling frameworks. Energy System Models (ESMs) are usually the favourite choice when dealing with the impact evaluation of long-term global energy scenarios. However, it is necessary to create a link between ESM and other macroeconomic tools to keep into account the above-mentioned complexities. This is the purpose of DYNERIO, an integrated modelling framework developed by the authors, composed of three soft-linked modules: (i) an ESM, responsible for optimizing sustainable technological pathways under specific policies constraints, usually minimizing the least total net present cost (NPC) of the energy system configuration; (ii) a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model, reflecting results of ESM onto non-energy industries and capturing the overall economic impact, including influence on employment, of the pathway; (iii) a third module consisting of a system of linear equations allowing to dynamically assess region- and technology-related CRMs extraction and recycling (dynER). This thesis undergoes two applications of the DYNERIO framework within an extended global energy transition case study aiming at providing extended energy-related and economic insights. Two global energy scenarios have been implemented in the ESM: the first provides a least-NPC-oriented transition trajectory shaped under policy constraints classifiable as “stated and announced”; the second scenario builds upon the first with the significant difference regarding the relaxation of some policy constraints and the change of the objective function of the ESM, which in this case is the minimization of the total CO2 emissions. Capacity deployments and energy production mixes are then exchanged to the MRIO and dynER modules in a soft-linked approach in both cases study. The first case stady deals with global energy transition and its environmental impacts in terms of emissions and CRM exploitation and recycling. The second investigates the potential for decarbonization in the steel industry in the European Union, keeping an eye on multi-regional considerations. Both applications show how an integrated soft-linking between these modules can be effective in describing multifaceted aspects of the transition, distinguishing among the different outputs and uncertainties brought by the use of different databases and structural assumptions.
Negli ultimi anni, la necessità di intraprendere una transizione energetica è stata sempre più presente nel dibattito politico e gli effetti di tale transizione in corso stanno portando a un aumento degli investimenti energetici globali. Il passaggio a un'ampia adozione di tecnologie a basse emissioni di carbonio porterebbe a processi di produzione energetica meno impattanti dal punto di vista ambientale, ma richiede sicuramente cambiamenti economici strutturali in termini di catene di approvvigionamento globali. In particolare, la preoccupazione per queste tecnologie riguarda il loro contenuto di materie prime critiche (CRM), che di conseguenza apre importanti implicazioni geopolitiche e di sicurezza energetica, e il loro ruolo nella creazione/perdita di posti di lavoro a livello globale. Queste due dimensioni sono attualmente oggetto di studio nella letteratura scientifica e una risposta esaustiva rappresenta una sostanziale lacuna nella ricerca. Un contesto così complesso deve essere rappresentato all'interno di quadri di modellazione complessi e integrati. I modelli di sistema energetico (ESM) sono di solito la scelta preferita quando si tratta di valutare l'impatto di scenari energetici globali a lungo termine. Tuttavia, è necessario creare un collegamento tra i MES e altri strumenti macroeconomici per tenere conto delle complessità sopra menzionate. Questo è lo scopo di DYNERIO, un framework di modellazione integrato sviluppato dagli autori, composto da tre moduli collegati tra loro: (i) un ESM, responsabile dell'ottimizzazione di percorsi tecnologici sostenibili sotto vincoli politici specifici, di solito minimizzando il minor costo totale attuale netto (NPC) della configurazione del sistema energetico; (ii) un modello input-output multiregionale (MRIO), che riflette i risultati dell'ESM sulle industrie non energetiche e cattura l'impatto economico complessivo, compresa l'influenza sull'occupazione, del percorso; (iii) un terzo modulo costituito da un sistema di equazioni lineari che consente di valutare dinamicamente l'estrazione e il riciclo dei CRM legati alla regione e alla tecnologia (dynER). Questa tesi prevede due applicazioni del framework DYNERIO all'interno di un caso di studio esteso di transizione energetica globale, con l'obiettivo di fornire approfondimenti economici ed energetici. Due scenari energetici globali sono stati implementati nell'ESM: il primo fornisce una traiettoria di transizione orientata al minimo di NPC, modellata sotto vincoli politici classificabili come “dichiarati e annunciati”; il secondo scenario si basa sul primo, con la differenza significativa dell'allentamento di alcuni vincoli politici e della modifica della funzione obiettivo dell'ESM, che in questo caso è la minimizzazione delle emissioni totali di CO2. Le distribuzioni di capacità e i mix di produzione energetica vengono quindi scambiati con i moduli MRIO e dynER in un approccio soft-linked in entrambi i casi di studio. Il primo caso di studio tratta la transizione energetica globale e i suoi impatti ambientali in termini di emissioni e di sfruttamento e riciclo del CRM. Il secondo studia il potenziale di decarbonizzazione dell'industria siderurgica nell'Unione Europea, tenendo conto di considerazioni multiregionali. Entrambe le applicazioni mostrano come un soft-linking integrato tra questi moduli possa essere efficace nel descrivere aspetti sfaccettati della transizione, distinguendo tra i diversi output e le incertezze derivanti dall'uso di diverse banche dati e ipotesi strutturali.
Development of an integrated modelling framework to assess environmental, energy-security and economic implications of global energy transition scenarios
Rinaldi, Lorenzo
2023/2024
Abstract
In recent years, the need to undertake an energy transition has been increasingly prominent in the political debate and the effects of such an ongoing transition are leading to increasing global energy investments. The switch to the vast adoption of low-carbon technologies would lead to less environmentally-impactful energy production processes, however, it surely requires structural economic changes in terms of global supply chains. In particular, the concern around such technologies regards their relevant critical raw materials (CRMs) content, which consequently opens important geopolitical and energy security implications, and their role in global job creation/loss. These two dimensions are currently under investigation in the scientific literature and a comprehensive answer represents a substantial research gap. Such a complex context needs to be represented within complex and integrated modelling frameworks. Energy System Models (ESMs) are usually the favourite choice when dealing with the impact evaluation of long-term global energy scenarios. However, it is necessary to create a link between ESM and other macroeconomic tools to keep into account the above-mentioned complexities. This is the purpose of DYNERIO, an integrated modelling framework developed by the authors, composed of three soft-linked modules: (i) an ESM, responsible for optimizing sustainable technological pathways under specific policies constraints, usually minimizing the least total net present cost (NPC) of the energy system configuration; (ii) a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model, reflecting results of ESM onto non-energy industries and capturing the overall economic impact, including influence on employment, of the pathway; (iii) a third module consisting of a system of linear equations allowing to dynamically assess region- and technology-related CRMs extraction and recycling (dynER). This thesis undergoes two applications of the DYNERIO framework within an extended global energy transition case study aiming at providing extended energy-related and economic insights. Two global energy scenarios have been implemented in the ESM: the first provides a least-NPC-oriented transition trajectory shaped under policy constraints classifiable as “stated and announced”; the second scenario builds upon the first with the significant difference regarding the relaxation of some policy constraints and the change of the objective function of the ESM, which in this case is the minimization of the total CO2 emissions. Capacity deployments and energy production mixes are then exchanged to the MRIO and dynER modules in a soft-linked approach in both cases study. The first case stady deals with global energy transition and its environmental impacts in terms of emissions and CRM exploitation and recycling. The second investigates the potential for decarbonization in the steel industry in the European Union, keeping an eye on multi-regional considerations. Both applications show how an integrated soft-linking between these modules can be effective in describing multifaceted aspects of the transition, distinguishing among the different outputs and uncertainties brought by the use of different databases and structural assumptions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/221752