In recent years cold atmospheric pressure (CAP) plasma techniques became one of the main research focuses of food industry. CAP plasma treatments enable sterilization of food, enhancement of food durability and degradation of pesticides and food allergens, maintaining modest temperature conditions. This techniques could be an alternative to the most widespread thermal treatments that lead to many temperature induced effects on nutrients affecting their integrity. Plasma is a ionized gas in which many reactive chemical species can be found, these species can be charged or neutral and mainly contain nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Several studies demonstrated the effectiveness of plasma chemical action in food treatments, but plasma induced modifications on food and possible losses of organoleptic properties need a further investigation. In this research effects of CAP plasma treatments on chemical composition of nutrients are investigated, focusing on starch. Starch was chosen because it is the most diffused carbohydrate in human diet, it is the main component of potatoes, corn, rice and cassava. Plasma treatments were performed on starch samples for different times from 30 seconds up to 16 minutes. Samples were then analyzed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy proving the presence of new C = O bonds that can be related to oxidation and polymerisation (via esterification) of starch molecules, and the reduction of absorbed water in starch molecules. Starch was then heat treated with the same temperatures reached during plasma treatment, comparing IR spectra it was found that C = O bonds formation occurs only in plasma treated samples while reduction of absorbed water molecules is only a temperature effect. Also XPS analysis was performed on treated samples proving the presence of functional groups related to oxidised and esterified starch investigating the chemical shift of 1s orbitals. Neither AT-FTIR and XPS analysis can prove the presence of nitrogen bonds induced by plasma treatment, demonstrating that oxygen radical species of plasma are more reactive than nitrogen ones.
Nell’industria alimentare i trattamenti al plasma non termico a pressione atmosferica sono al centro della ricerca negli ultimi anni, costituendo una valida alternativa ai più diffusi trattamenti termici. Diversi studi dimostrano l’efficacia dei trattamenti al plasma nella decontaminazione dei cibi e nella degradazione di pesticidi e allergeni, operando a temperature più basse rispetto ai trattamenti termici tale approccio è potenzialmente meno impattante sulle proprietà organolettiche dei nutrienti. L’azione del plasma è legata alle specie chimiche molto reattive presenti che contengono principalmente azoto e ossigeno derivate dalla ionizzazione dell’aria. Al fine di valutare la validità dei trattamenti al plasma non termico nell’industria alimentare bisogna indagare i possibili effetti chimici indesiderati del plasma sui nutrienti. Alcuni studi sulle possibili modifiche alle proprietà organolettiche dei cibi sono stati svolti, ma ancora ma manca un quadro completo della situazione. L’obbiettivo di questo studio è quello di indagare gli effetti dei trattamenti al plasma sull’amido, ovvero il carboidrato più diffuso nella dieta umana. Lo studio si basa sull’analisi spettroscopica di campioni di amido che hanno subito trattamenti di diversa durata (fino a 16 minuti). Dallo studio dello spettro IR si evidenzia la presenza di legami C = O generati in reazioni di ossidazione ed esterificazione e una riduzione della quantità di acqua assorbita dall’amido. Scaldando i campioni alle stesse temperature raggiunte con i trattamenti al plasma (circa 60°) si può effettuare un confronto con i campioni trattati per capire queli effetti sono legati alla temperatura e quali sono effetti chimici del plasma. Dal confronto risulta che la diminuzione della quantità di acqua legata tramite legami ad idrogeno al plasma è un effetto della temperatura mentre la presenza di legami C = O viene riscontrata solo nei campioni trattati col plasma. Lo studio dello spettro XPS dei campioni conferma la presenza di doppi legami C = O e dimostra l’assenza di reazioni con specie chimiche contenenti azoto, meno reattive di quelle contenenti ossigeno.
Cold atmospheric plasma induced chemical reactions on starch
Fossati, Filippo
2023/2024
Abstract
In recent years cold atmospheric pressure (CAP) plasma techniques became one of the main research focuses of food industry. CAP plasma treatments enable sterilization of food, enhancement of food durability and degradation of pesticides and food allergens, maintaining modest temperature conditions. This techniques could be an alternative to the most widespread thermal treatments that lead to many temperature induced effects on nutrients affecting their integrity. Plasma is a ionized gas in which many reactive chemical species can be found, these species can be charged or neutral and mainly contain nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Several studies demonstrated the effectiveness of plasma chemical action in food treatments, but plasma induced modifications on food and possible losses of organoleptic properties need a further investigation. In this research effects of CAP plasma treatments on chemical composition of nutrients are investigated, focusing on starch. Starch was chosen because it is the most diffused carbohydrate in human diet, it is the main component of potatoes, corn, rice and cassava. Plasma treatments were performed on starch samples for different times from 30 seconds up to 16 minutes. Samples were then analyzed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy proving the presence of new C = O bonds that can be related to oxidation and polymerisation (via esterification) of starch molecules, and the reduction of absorbed water in starch molecules. Starch was then heat treated with the same temperatures reached during plasma treatment, comparing IR spectra it was found that C = O bonds formation occurs only in plasma treated samples while reduction of absorbed water molecules is only a temperature effect. Also XPS analysis was performed on treated samples proving the presence of functional groups related to oxidised and esterified starch investigating the chemical shift of 1s orbitals. Neither AT-FTIR and XPS analysis can prove the presence of nitrogen bonds induced by plasma treatment, demonstrating that oxygen radical species of plasma are more reactive than nitrogen ones.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/222500