Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs) are essential structures embedded in the nuclear envelope, functioning as gateways that regulate the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. They play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by controlling the exchange of proteins, RNA, and other macromolecules, ensuring proper gene expression and cellular function. The integrity and organization of NPCs are vital for the stability of the nuclear architecture, and their dysfunction is often associated with various diseases, including cancer. This project delves into the intricate realm of NPCs, focusing on their physical properties and plasticity, particularly within the context of cancer cells. We will begin by outlining the general structure and transport properties of NPCs within biological systems. We will explore the reported literature on the structural and mechanical properties of lamin proteins. These proteins form a network connected to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and are essential for maintaining nuclear integrity and organization. We will review various physical imaging methods used to study NPCs and analyze studies investigating NPC plasticity under different conditions. Emphasis will be placed on understanding these properties specifically in the context of cancer cells. The core of this thesis will focus on unraveling the relationship between NPC structure and organization within cancer cells, particularly under conditions of confinement because confinement mimics the behavior of cancer cells within a tumor. Using HT29 colorectal cancer cells as our primary model this is because our team has previously studied and researched this type of cancer cell, so we have information about its behavior. We will investigate the effects of confinement on NPC organizations employing Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Confocal Microscopy. We will measure the pore size of purified nuclei using AFM and observe how confinement alters NPC size and organization. These results will be compared with those from mouse hepatocyte nuclei, representing healthy cells, and HCT116 cells, another colorectal cancer cell line, to provide a comprehensive understanding of NPC behavior in cancerous versus healthy contexts.
I Complessi del Poro Nucleare (NPC) sono strutture essenziali integrate nell'involucro nucleare, che fungono da porte regolatrici per il trasporto di molecole tra il nucleo e il citoplasma. Essi svolgono un ruolo critico nel mantenimento dell'omeostasi cellulare controllando lo scambio di proteine, RNA e altre macromolecole, assicurando una corretta espressione genica e funzionalità cellulare. L'integrità e l'organizzazione degli NPC sono vitali per la stabilità dell'architettura nucleare, e la loro disfunzione è spesso associata a varie malattie, incluso il cancro. Questo progetto si addentra nel complesso regno degli NPC, focalizzandosi sulle loro proprietà fisiche e sulla plasticità, in particolare nel contesto delle cellule cancerose. Inizieremo delineando la struttura generale e le proprietà di trasporto degli NPC all'interno dei sistemi biologici. Esploreremo la letteratura riportata sulle proprietà strutturali e meccaniche delle proteine della lamina. Queste proteine formano una rete connessa ai complessi del poro nucleare (NPC) e sono essenziali per mantenere l'integrità e l'organizzazione nucleare. Rivedremo vari metodi di imaging fisico utilizzati per studiare gli NPC e analizzeremo studi che indagano la plasticità degli NPC in diverse condizioni. L'accento sarà posto sulla comprensione di queste proprietà specificamente nel contesto delle cellule cancerose. Il fulcro di questa tesi sarà concentrato nel svelare la relazione tra la struttura e l'organizzazione degli NPC nelle cellule cancerose, in particolare in condizioni di confinamento, poiché il confinamento simula il comportamento delle cellule cancerose all'interno di un tumore. Utilizzando le cellule di cancro colorettale HT29 come nostro modello primario, poiché il nostro team ha precedentemente studiato e ricercato questo tipo di cellula cancerosa, quindi abbiamo informazioni sul suo comportamento. Indagheremo gli effetti del confinamento sull'organizzazione degli NPC impiegando la Microscopia a Forza Atomica (AFM) e la Microscopia Confocale. Misureremo la dimensione dei pori dei nuclei purificati utilizzando l'AFM e osserveremo come il confinamento altera la dimensione e l'organizzazione degli NPC. Questi risultati saranno confrontati con quelli dei nuclei di epatociti di topo, che rappresentano cellule sane, e con quelli delle cellule HCT116, un'altra linea cellulare di cancro colorettale, per fornire una comprensione completa del comportamento degli NPC in contesti cancerosi rispetto a quelli sani.
Physical properties of nuclear pore complexes measured by AFM on cancer cell nuclei
VALIKHANI, ARIAN
2023/2024
Abstract
Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs) are essential structures embedded in the nuclear envelope, functioning as gateways that regulate the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. They play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by controlling the exchange of proteins, RNA, and other macromolecules, ensuring proper gene expression and cellular function. The integrity and organization of NPCs are vital for the stability of the nuclear architecture, and their dysfunction is often associated with various diseases, including cancer. This project delves into the intricate realm of NPCs, focusing on their physical properties and plasticity, particularly within the context of cancer cells. We will begin by outlining the general structure and transport properties of NPCs within biological systems. We will explore the reported literature on the structural and mechanical properties of lamin proteins. These proteins form a network connected to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and are essential for maintaining nuclear integrity and organization. We will review various physical imaging methods used to study NPCs and analyze studies investigating NPC plasticity under different conditions. Emphasis will be placed on understanding these properties specifically in the context of cancer cells. The core of this thesis will focus on unraveling the relationship between NPC structure and organization within cancer cells, particularly under conditions of confinement because confinement mimics the behavior of cancer cells within a tumor. Using HT29 colorectal cancer cells as our primary model this is because our team has previously studied and researched this type of cancer cell, so we have information about its behavior. We will investigate the effects of confinement on NPC organizations employing Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Confocal Microscopy. We will measure the pore size of purified nuclei using AFM and observe how confinement alters NPC size and organization. These results will be compared with those from mouse hepatocyte nuclei, representing healthy cells, and HCT116 cells, another colorectal cancer cell line, to provide a comprehensive understanding of NPC behavior in cancerous versus healthy contexts.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_07_Valikhani_Thesis_01.pdf
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2024_07_Valikhani_Executive summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/222699