Nuclear fusion is the energy source of all active stars in the universe: when two hydrogen nuclei get close enough, they can fuse together into helium, liberating a vast amount of energy in the process. Being able to harness this power would provide a clean, safe and potentially unlimited source of energy. To date, the best candidate to achieve this goal is a machine called Tokamak: a toroidal chamber in which an extremely hot plasma is kept confined by strong magnetic fields. Among the various challenges that are yet to be solved, one that poses particular concern is the intense plasma heat flux expected on a region of the first wall called divertor. The outer part of the plasma, a region know as Scrape-Off Layer (SOL), is characterized by high-amplitude turbulent phenomena, during which very elongated filaments of hot and dense plasma (known as blobs) are expelled outwards with velocities of the order of 1km/s, thus influencing the level of plasma-wall interaction. Over the past 30 years, in the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV, located in the EPFL university in Lausanne, Switzerland), there has been intense research on the opti mization of the plasma shape. One particular shaping parameter, known as triangularity, was observed to deeply affect the plasma behaviour. In particular, as triangularity is reduced from positive to negative values, the plasma confinement level was seen to increase, while turbulence levels and the divertor’s heat flux fall-off length λq got lower. This thesis carries out an analysis of data obtained from TCV L-mode plasmas to further investigate the role of triangularity on the divertor heat flux profile and on the SOL turbulence, and to possibly find connections between these two phenomena. The divertor heat flux profile is determined by Langmuir Probe measurements and is analyzed across a large data-set using the so-called Eich-fitting, revealing a clear negative correlation of the profile fall-off length λq with the upper triangularity δu. A variety of published scaling laws, compared to experimental results, show how triangularity plays an important role as a regression parameter. Some trends in the q0 Eich parameter (which contributes to quantify the total power reaching the divertor) are found to be consistent with the acknowledged triangularity dependence and with an unexplained difference in radiated power occurring when the direction of the tokamak magnetic field is inverted. A second peak sometimes visible in the heat flux profile is also studied, finding a dependence of its position on the outer gap (the distance between the plasma and the outer wall), which is hypothesised to be connected to the deceleration of blobs in the SOL, as some experimental data suggests. The SOL turbulence, in the form of elongated blobs, is studied with two Gas Puff Imaging (GPI) systems located in different regions of the plasma. Results found significant differences in blob phenomenology with changing triangularity, especially in terms of radial velocity. A mechanism by which this difference could explain the reported λq variations is proposed. To investigate this idea and to connect the heat flux profile with the blob fea tures, a heuristic blob model is developed and its predictions were found to be consistent with experimental observations.
La fusione nucleare è la fonte di energia di tutte le stelle attive nell’universo: quando due nuclei di idrogeno si fanno abbastanza vicini, possono fondersi insieme in elio, liberando una grande quantità di energia nel processo. Riuscire a sfruttare questa reazione fornirebbe una fonte di energia pulita, sicura e potenzialmente illimitata. Ad oggi, il miglior candidato per raggiungere questo obiettivo è una macchina chiamata Tokamak: una camera toroidale in cui un plasma estremamente caldo viene confinato da forti campi magnetici. Tra le varie sfide che devono ancora essere risolte, una che desta particolare preoccupazione è l’intenso flusso di calore previsto dal plasma su una regione della prima parete chiamata divertore. La parte esterna del plasma, una regione nota come Scrape-Off Layer (SOL), è caratterizzata da ampie turbolenze, in cui filamenti molto allungati di plasma caldo e denso (noti come blob) vengono espulsi verso l’esterno con velocità dell’ordine di 1km/s, influenzando così il livello di interazione plasma-parete. Negli ultimi 30 anni, nel Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV, situato all’università EPFL di Losanna, Svizzera), si è svolta un’intensa ricerca sull’ottimizzazione della forma del plasma. Si è osservato che un particolare parametro geometrico, noto come triangolarità, può influenzare profondamente il comportamento del plasma. In particolare, riducendo la triangolarità da valori positivi a negativi, si è visto aumentare il livello di confinamento del plasma e al tempo stesso diminuire i livelli di turbolenza e la lunghezza di decadimento λq del flusso di calore sul divertore. Questa tesi si concentra sull’analisi di dati ottenuti in TCV su plasmi in modo-L per approfondire il ruolo della triangolarità sul profilo del flusso di calore sul divertore e sulla turbolenza nel SOL, e per trovare possibili collegamenti tra questi due fenomeni. Il profilo del flusso di calore sul divertore è stato determinato tramite misure con sonde di Langmuir ed è stato analizzato su un ampio set di parametri utilizzando il cosiddetto Eich-fitting, rivelando una chiara correlazione negativa tra la lunghezza di decadimento del profilo λq e la triangolarità superiore δu. Una serie di correlazioni pubblicate in letteratura, confrontate con i risultati sperimentali qui ottenuti, mostrano come la triangolarità giochi un ruolo importante come parametro di regressione. Alcune tendenze del parametro di Eich q0 (che contribuisce a quantificare il calore totale che raggiunge il divertore) si dimostrano coerenti con il già citato ruolo della triangolarità e con una differenza non chiarita nella potenza irradiata dal plasma che si verifica quando la direzione del campo magnetico del tokamak viene invertita. Un secondo picco talvolta visibile nel profilo del flusso di calore è a sua volta oggetto di studio: si osserva una dipendenza della sua posizione dal gap esterno (la distanza tra il plasma e la parete esterna), che si ipotizza collegato alla decelerazione dei blob nel SOL, come suggeriscono alcuni dati sperimentali. La turbolenza del SOL, sotto forma di blob allungati, viene studiata con due sistemi di GPI (Gas Puff Imaging) situati in regioni diverse del plasma. I risultati rilevano differenze significative nella fenomenologia dei blob al variare della triangolarità, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la loro velocità radiale. Viene proposto un meccanismo in base al quale questa differenza potrebbe spiegare le variazioni di λq riportate. Per indagare questa idea e collegare il profilo del flusso di calore con le caratteristiche dei blob, viene sviluppato un modello euristico per i blob, le cui previsioni risultano coerenti con le osservazioni sperimentali.
Divertor heat flux and scrape-off layer turbulence studies in negative and positive triangularity plasmas in the TCV tokamak
Morgan, Riccardo Ian
2023/2024
Abstract
Nuclear fusion is the energy source of all active stars in the universe: when two hydrogen nuclei get close enough, they can fuse together into helium, liberating a vast amount of energy in the process. Being able to harness this power would provide a clean, safe and potentially unlimited source of energy. To date, the best candidate to achieve this goal is a machine called Tokamak: a toroidal chamber in which an extremely hot plasma is kept confined by strong magnetic fields. Among the various challenges that are yet to be solved, one that poses particular concern is the intense plasma heat flux expected on a region of the first wall called divertor. The outer part of the plasma, a region know as Scrape-Off Layer (SOL), is characterized by high-amplitude turbulent phenomena, during which very elongated filaments of hot and dense plasma (known as blobs) are expelled outwards with velocities of the order of 1km/s, thus influencing the level of plasma-wall interaction. Over the past 30 years, in the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV, located in the EPFL university in Lausanne, Switzerland), there has been intense research on the opti mization of the plasma shape. One particular shaping parameter, known as triangularity, was observed to deeply affect the plasma behaviour. In particular, as triangularity is reduced from positive to negative values, the plasma confinement level was seen to increase, while turbulence levels and the divertor’s heat flux fall-off length λq got lower. This thesis carries out an analysis of data obtained from TCV L-mode plasmas to further investigate the role of triangularity on the divertor heat flux profile and on the SOL turbulence, and to possibly find connections between these two phenomena. The divertor heat flux profile is determined by Langmuir Probe measurements and is analyzed across a large data-set using the so-called Eich-fitting, revealing a clear negative correlation of the profile fall-off length λq with the upper triangularity δu. A variety of published scaling laws, compared to experimental results, show how triangularity plays an important role as a regression parameter. Some trends in the q0 Eich parameter (which contributes to quantify the total power reaching the divertor) are found to be consistent with the acknowledged triangularity dependence and with an unexplained difference in radiated power occurring when the direction of the tokamak magnetic field is inverted. A second peak sometimes visible in the heat flux profile is also studied, finding a dependence of its position on the outer gap (the distance between the plasma and the outer wall), which is hypothesised to be connected to the deceleration of blobs in the SOL, as some experimental data suggests. The SOL turbulence, in the form of elongated blobs, is studied with two Gas Puff Imaging (GPI) systems located in different regions of the plasma. Results found significant differences in blob phenomenology with changing triangularity, especially in terms of radial velocity. A mechanism by which this difference could explain the reported λq variations is proposed. To investigate this idea and to connect the heat flux profile with the blob fea tures, a heuristic blob model is developed and its predictions were found to be consistent with experimental observations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/223282