The dissertation, presented as a collection of three papers, aims to investigate the phenomenon of corporate greenwashing, by examining the relationship between environmental disclosure and action. Greenwashing, defined as a decoupling phenomenon between disclosure and actions (Aragon-Correa et al., 2016; Delmas & Burbano, 2011; Fabrizio & Kim, 2019), has raised growing concerns in the latest years because, on the one hand, stakeholders’ increasingly demand more commitments from private sectors to mitigate climate change, on the other hand, corporate environmental disclosure is deemed to be insufficiently transparent and harmonized to proof such commitment. The surge in firms’ forward-looking claims to reduce emissions or achieve carbon neutrality makes examining greenwashing even more complex, since the authenticity of declarations referring to prospective environmental performance is challenging to assess (Montgomery et al., 2023). Previous empirical literature investigating greenwashing focused narrowly on actual performance indicators (e.g. measuring corporate carbon emissions), overlooking broader corporate environmental actions aimed at enhancing future environmental performance. Recognizing that achieving corporate environmental performance requires deliberate strategic planning and temporal evolution, this research investigates corporate environmental greenwashing behaviors, by examining specific elements in the strategic planning cycle. Specifically, the core elements addressed are strategic intentionality toward the environment, tangible efforts oriented to pursue environmental objectives, and improvements in actual environmental performance. These aspects are studied against the environmental claims of Italian listed companies to identify potential misalignments. Paper 1 examines greenwashing by comparing environmental claims against corporate strategic intentionality toward environmental sustainability. Specifically, by considering the inclusion of environmental targets into executive compensation plans as the proxy for strategic intentionality toward the environment, Paper 1 investigates whether companies claiming environmental commitment adopt executive compensation plans integrating environmental targets. Paper 2 addresses greenwashing by comparing environmental claims against firms’ efforts oriented to improve environmental performance. It investigates whether companies claiming environmental commitment demonstrate environmental investment initiatives, reflecting tangible efforts to improve environmental performance. Ultimately in Paper 3, greenwashing is addressed by comparing environmental claims with improvements in actual corporate environmental performance. It assesses whether companies claiming environmental commitment have achieved substantial improvement in reducing direct and indirect carbon emissions over time. The research, designed as an exploratory study of corporate greenwashing practices among Italian listed companies from 2018 to 2022, employs quantitative methods. The dissertation provides relevant findings for understanding the relationship between environmental disclosure and action in the Italian context. First, the sole practice of environmental reporting does not inherently signify intentionality or tangible efforts toward the environment, indicating a gap between reporting practices and strategic planning initiatives oriented to enhance environmental performance. Among forward-looking claims, firms with sustainability plans demonstrate consistent actions, reflecting intentionality and tangible efforts to improve environmental performance. However, to date, significant performance achievements by companies that disclosed a sustainability plan or a target to reduce emissions are related to indirect emission reduction only, which is an off-the-shelf solution. Differently, pledges to reach carbon neutrality prompt consistent actions, resulting in tangible progress in decarbonizing operations. Overall, the dissertation contributes to the academic debate by offering an original framework to evaluate corporate greenwashing practices. By focusing on specific elements of the corporate strategic planning cycle against firms’ environmental disclosure, this perspective, sheds light on the complex nature of corporate environmental transition, overcoming the predominant approach to assess greenwashing based solely on actual performance. Further significant empirical contributions relate to the preliminary understanding of the “futurewashing” phenomenon (Montgomery et al., 2023) and by revealing the importance of considering the temporal dimension to identify greenwashing practices. The findings serve as practical inputs for practitioners, endorsing regulatory initiatives oriented to enhance transparency and standardization in corporate climate and sustainability practices, such as the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the EU Environmental Taxonomy. Policymakers are urged to leverage these frameworks to promote alignment with Paris Agreement climate goals. Additionally, responsible investors are encouraged to incorporate environmental targets into executive compensation and decision-making processes, reflecting firms' genuine commitment to sustainability. These insights aim to guide stakeholders towards more informed and sustainable practices in corporate governance and investment decision-making. While employing rigorous empirical methods and theoretically grounded frameworks, this research encounters limitations. Limited data availability and standardized metrics hindered comprehensive measurement of environmental actions. Future research could leverage EU policy initiatives for enhanced transparency and harmonization to refine measurement tools. Additionally, empirical models lacked consideration of causality relationships and firm-specific factors, suggesting a need for sophisticated quantitative approaches. Generalizability within the Italian private sector, especially concerning small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), remains a challenge. Future studies could address this gap through primary data utilization and case study analyses, offering insights into SMEs' environmental transitions and enriching understanding of corporate strategic planning dynamics.
La tesi, presentata come una raccolta di tre articoli, ha lo scopo di indagare il fenomeno del greenwashing aziendale, esaminando la relazione tra dichiarazione e azione ambientale. Il greenwashing, definito come un fenomeno di disaccoppiamento tra dichiarazione e azioni (Aragon-Correa et al., 2016; Delmas & Burbano, 2011; Fabrizio & Kim, 2019), ha sollevato crescenti preoccupazioni negli ultimi anni poiché, da un lato, gli stakeholder richiedono sempre più impegni dai settori privati per mitigare i cambiamenti climatici, dall'altro, le dichiarazioni ambientali aziendali sono considerate insufficientemente trasparenti e armonizzate per dimostrare tale impegno. L'aumento delle dichiarazioni prospettiche delle aziende per ridurre le emissioni o raggiungere la neutralità carbonica rende l'esame del greenwashing ancora più complesso, poiché l'autenticità delle dichiarazioni relative alle prestazioni ambientali future è difficile da valutare (Montgomery et al., 2023). La letteratura empirica esistente che studia il greenwashing si è concentrata strettamente su indicatori di prestazioni effettive (ad esempio, la misurazione delle emissioni di CO2 delle imprese), trascurando azioni ambientali aziendali più ampie mirate a migliorare le prestazioni ambientali future. Riconoscendo che il raggiungimento delle prestazioni ambientali aziendali richiede una pianificazione strategica deliberata e un'evoluzione temporale, questa ricerca indaga i comportamenti di greenwashing ambientale aziendale esaminando elementi specifici nel ciclo di pianificazione strategica. Nello specifico, gli elementi principali trattati sono l'intenzionalità strategica verso l'ambiente, gli sforzi tangibili orientati a perseguire obiettivi ambientali e i miglioramenti delle prestazioni ambientali effettive. Questi aspetti vengono studiati rispetto alle dichiarazioni ambientali delle aziende quotate italiane per individuare eventuali disallineamenti. Il primo articolo esamina il greenwashing confrontando le dichiarazioni ambientali con l'intenzionalità strategica aziendale verso la sostenibilità ambientale. In particolare, considerando l'inclusione di obiettivi ambientali nei piani remunerativi degli executive come proxy per l'intenzionalità strategica verso l'ambiente, il primo articolo indaga se le aziende che dichiarano impegno ambientale adottano piani remunerativi per gli executive che integrano obiettivi ambientali. Il secondo articolo affronta il greenwashing confrontando le dichiarazioni ambientali con gli sforzi delle aziende orientati a migliorare le prestazioni ambientali. Indaga se le aziende che dichiarano impegno ambientale dimostrano iniziative di investimento ambientale, riflettendo sforzi tangibili per migliorare le prestazioni ambientali. Infine, nel terzo articolo, il greenwashing viene affrontato confrontando le dichiarazioni ambientali con i miglioramenti effettivi delle prestazioni ambientali aziendali. L’articolo valuta se le aziende che dichiarano impegno ambientale abbiano ottenuto miglioramenti significativi nella riduzione delle emissioni dirette e indirette di CO2 nel tempo. La ricerca, progettata come uno studio esplorativo delle pratiche di greenwashing aziendale tra le aziende quotate italiane dal 2018 al 2022, utilizza metodi quantitativi. La tesi fornisce risultati rilevanti per comprendere la relazione tra dichiarazione e azione ambientale nel contesto italiano. In primo luogo, la sola pratica di reportistica ambientale non significa intrinsecamente intenzionalità o sforzi tangibili verso l'ambiente, indicando un divario tra le pratiche di reporting e le iniziative di pianificazione strategica orientate a migliorare le prestazioni ambientali. Tra le dichiarazioni prospettiche, le aziende con piani di sostenibilità dimostrano azioni coerenti, riflettendo intenzionalità e sforzi tangibili per migliorare le prestazioni ambientali. Tuttavia, ad oggi, i risultati significativi delle prestazioni da parte delle aziende che hanno pubblicato un piano di sostenibilità o un obiettivo di riduzione delle emissioni sono legati solo alla riduzione delle emissioni indirette, che risulta una soluzione relativamente facile da adottare. Diversamente, gli impegni a raggiungere la neutralità carbonica stimolano azioni coerenti, risultando in progressi tangibili nella decarbonizzazione delle operations dell’impresa. Nel complesso, la tesi contribuisce al dibattito accademico offrendo un quadro originale per valutare le pratiche di greenwashing aziendale. Concentrandosi su elementi specifici del ciclo di pianificazione strategica aziendale rispetto alle dichiarazioni ambientali delle aziende, questa prospettiva fa luce sulla natura complessa della transizione ambientale aziendale, superando l'approccio predominante di valutare il greenwashing basato esclusivamente sulle prestazioni effettive. Ulteriori contributi empirici significativi riguardano la comprensione preliminare del fenomeno del "futurewashing" (Montgomery et al., 2023) e rivelando l'importanza di considerare la dimensione temporale per identificare le pratiche di greenwashing. I risultati servono come input pratici per i professionisti, sostenendo iniziative normative orientate a migliorare la trasparenza e la standardizzazione nelle pratiche aziendali di clima e sostenibilità, come la Direttiva europea Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) e la Tassonomia ambientale dell'Unione Europea. I politici sono incoraggiati a fare uso di questo studio per promuovere l'allineamento con gli obiettivi climatici dell'Accordo di Parigi. Inoltre, gli investitori responsabili sono incoraggiati a incorporare obiettivi ambientali nei piani remunerativi degli executive e nei processi decisionali, riflettendo il genuino impegno delle aziende verso la sostenibilità. Queste intuizioni mirano a guidare gli stakeholder verso pratiche più informate e sostenibili nella governance aziendale e nelle decisioni di investimento. Pur utilizzando metodi empirici rigorosi e framework teorici consolidati, questa ricerca dimostra limitazioni. La disponibilità limitata di dati e metriche standardizzate ha ostacolato una misurazione completa delle azioni ambientali. Le future ricerche potrebbero sfruttare le iniziative politiche dell'Unione Europea per una maggiore trasparenza e armonizzazione per perfezionare gli strumenti di misurazione. Inoltre, i modelli empirici non hanno considerato le relazioni di causalità e i fattori specifici delle aziende, suggerendo la necessità di approcci quantitativi sofisticati. La generalizzabilità all'interno del settore privato italiano, specialmente riguardo alle piccole e medie imprese (PMI), rimane una sfida. Studi futuri potrebbero affrontare questo gap attraverso l'utilizzo di dati primari e analisi di casi studio, offrendo approfondimenti sulle transizioni ambientali delle PMI e arricchendo la comprensione delle dinamiche di pianificazione strategica aziendale.
Corporate environmental disclosure : authenticity or greenwashing?
RATTI, SARA
2023/2024
Abstract
The dissertation, presented as a collection of three papers, aims to investigate the phenomenon of corporate greenwashing, by examining the relationship between environmental disclosure and action. Greenwashing, defined as a decoupling phenomenon between disclosure and actions (Aragon-Correa et al., 2016; Delmas & Burbano, 2011; Fabrizio & Kim, 2019), has raised growing concerns in the latest years because, on the one hand, stakeholders’ increasingly demand more commitments from private sectors to mitigate climate change, on the other hand, corporate environmental disclosure is deemed to be insufficiently transparent and harmonized to proof such commitment. The surge in firms’ forward-looking claims to reduce emissions or achieve carbon neutrality makes examining greenwashing even more complex, since the authenticity of declarations referring to prospective environmental performance is challenging to assess (Montgomery et al., 2023). Previous empirical literature investigating greenwashing focused narrowly on actual performance indicators (e.g. measuring corporate carbon emissions), overlooking broader corporate environmental actions aimed at enhancing future environmental performance. Recognizing that achieving corporate environmental performance requires deliberate strategic planning and temporal evolution, this research investigates corporate environmental greenwashing behaviors, by examining specific elements in the strategic planning cycle. Specifically, the core elements addressed are strategic intentionality toward the environment, tangible efforts oriented to pursue environmental objectives, and improvements in actual environmental performance. These aspects are studied against the environmental claims of Italian listed companies to identify potential misalignments. Paper 1 examines greenwashing by comparing environmental claims against corporate strategic intentionality toward environmental sustainability. Specifically, by considering the inclusion of environmental targets into executive compensation plans as the proxy for strategic intentionality toward the environment, Paper 1 investigates whether companies claiming environmental commitment adopt executive compensation plans integrating environmental targets. Paper 2 addresses greenwashing by comparing environmental claims against firms’ efforts oriented to improve environmental performance. It investigates whether companies claiming environmental commitment demonstrate environmental investment initiatives, reflecting tangible efforts to improve environmental performance. Ultimately in Paper 3, greenwashing is addressed by comparing environmental claims with improvements in actual corporate environmental performance. It assesses whether companies claiming environmental commitment have achieved substantial improvement in reducing direct and indirect carbon emissions over time. The research, designed as an exploratory study of corporate greenwashing practices among Italian listed companies from 2018 to 2022, employs quantitative methods. The dissertation provides relevant findings for understanding the relationship between environmental disclosure and action in the Italian context. First, the sole practice of environmental reporting does not inherently signify intentionality or tangible efforts toward the environment, indicating a gap between reporting practices and strategic planning initiatives oriented to enhance environmental performance. Among forward-looking claims, firms with sustainability plans demonstrate consistent actions, reflecting intentionality and tangible efforts to improve environmental performance. However, to date, significant performance achievements by companies that disclosed a sustainability plan or a target to reduce emissions are related to indirect emission reduction only, which is an off-the-shelf solution. Differently, pledges to reach carbon neutrality prompt consistent actions, resulting in tangible progress in decarbonizing operations. Overall, the dissertation contributes to the academic debate by offering an original framework to evaluate corporate greenwashing practices. By focusing on specific elements of the corporate strategic planning cycle against firms’ environmental disclosure, this perspective, sheds light on the complex nature of corporate environmental transition, overcoming the predominant approach to assess greenwashing based solely on actual performance. Further significant empirical contributions relate to the preliminary understanding of the “futurewashing” phenomenon (Montgomery et al., 2023) and by revealing the importance of considering the temporal dimension to identify greenwashing practices. The findings serve as practical inputs for practitioners, endorsing regulatory initiatives oriented to enhance transparency and standardization in corporate climate and sustainability practices, such as the EU Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the EU Environmental Taxonomy. Policymakers are urged to leverage these frameworks to promote alignment with Paris Agreement climate goals. Additionally, responsible investors are encouraged to incorporate environmental targets into executive compensation and decision-making processes, reflecting firms' genuine commitment to sustainability. These insights aim to guide stakeholders towards more informed and sustainable practices in corporate governance and investment decision-making. While employing rigorous empirical methods and theoretically grounded frameworks, this research encounters limitations. Limited data availability and standardized metrics hindered comprehensive measurement of environmental actions. Future research could leverage EU policy initiatives for enhanced transparency and harmonization to refine measurement tools. Additionally, empirical models lacked consideration of causality relationships and firm-specific factors, suggesting a need for sophisticated quantitative approaches. Generalizability within the Italian private sector, especially concerning small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), remains a challenge. Future studies could address this gap through primary data utilization and case study analyses, offering insights into SMEs' environmental transitions and enriching understanding of corporate strategic planning dynamics.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_PhD_Ratti_final.pdf
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Descrizione: CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL DISCLOSURE: AUTHENTICITY OR GREENWASHING?
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/224573