The electrification of transport is essential to achieve contemporary sustainability goals and mitigate the environmental impact of transportation. This PhD thesis focuses on evaluating how charging infrastructure for electric vehicles should be deployed to guarantee that users are served more efficiently. The thesis begins by introducing the Milan Urban Region (MUR), the case study of the work. It evaluates current policies and incentives for both electric vehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure. Highlighting the role of Italy and showcasing on the EV side the tax reliefs on acquisition, ownership and fuel and proposes policy suggestions and guidelines for an effective and sustainable EV charging infrastructure. The following chapter estimates the public charging demand by creating a model that uses mobility patterns and EV registrations. The charging demand was projected to 2030 through several scenarios and the introduction of a hypothetical settlement density incentive was tested and emerged as promising. In the following chapter the sufficiency of the existing charging network was analysed. The assessment was performed regarding capacity: with the introduction of a novel power-based indicator denominated “charging gap”, that compared charging supply and demand in the territory, and capillarity: with a study of the placement of charging networks in relation to the most relevant transport amenities including a nearest neighbour analysis and the clustering dispersing effect. Milan emerges as the most critical municipality in terms of capacity and the business-as-usual scenario as the most critical for Milan. Regarding the coverage, areas of improvement were revealed, particularly concerning the coverage of chargers in the South of the MUR and the placement in relation to the road system. The next chapter analyses the sustainability of electrification, including emissions and externalities of electric mobility, to establish the current context and possible advantages and disadvantages of transport electrification. It is revealed that, under certain conditions, EVs can contribute more to global warming than Internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), if the EVs are produced and charged using high-emission energy sources. Additionally, the thesis highlights the significant impact of non-exhaust emissions, particularly particulate matter (PM) from EVs. The thesis concludes by summarizing its contributions, limitations, and future research directions. Overall, this work aims to provide policymakers and stakeholders with insights and recommendations for developing sustainable and efficient charging infrastructure to accelerate the transition to sustainable mobility.
L'elettrificazione dei trasporti è essenziale per raggiungere gli obiettivi di sostenibilità contemporanei e mitigare l'impatto ambientale del trasporto. Questa tesi di dottorato si concentra sulla valutazione di come l'infrastruttura di ricarica per i veicoli elettrici debba essere sviluppata per garantire che gli utenti siano serviti in modo più efficiente. La tesi inizia introducendo la Regione Urbana di Milano (RUM), il caso di studio del lavoro. Vengono valutate le politiche e gli incentivi attuali sia per i veicoli elettrici (VE) che per l'infrastruttura di ricarica. Sottolineando il ruolo dell'Italia e mettendo in evidenza, dal lato dei VE, le agevolazioni fiscali sull'acquisto, la proprietà e il carburante, la tesi propone suggerimenti politici e linee guida per un'infrastruttura di ricarica dei VE efficace e sostenibile. Il capitolo successivo stima la domanda di ricarica pubblica creando un modello che utilizza i modelli di mobilità e le registrazioni dei VE. La domanda di ricarica è stata proiettata al 2030 attraverso diversi scenari e l'introduzione di un ipotetico incentivo alla densità degli insediamenti è stata testata e si è rivelata promettente. Nel capitolo seguente è stata analizzata l'adeguatezza della rete di ricarica esistente. La valutazione è stata eseguita riguardo alla capacità: con l'introduzione di un nuovo indicatore basato sulla potenza denominato "charging gap", che confrontava l'offerta e la domanda di ricarica nel territorio, e la capillarità: con uno studio della collocazione delle reti di ricarica in relazione alle più rilevanti amenità di trasporto, inclusa un'analisi del nearest neighbour e l'effetto di dispersione o clustering. Milano emerge come il comune più critico in termini di capacità e lo scenario business-as-usual come il più critico per Milano. Per quanto riguarda la copertura, sono emerse aree di miglioramento, in particolare riguardo alla copertura delle coloninne di ricarica nel Sud della RUM e alla collocazione in relazione al sistema stradale. Il capitolo successivo analizza la sostenibilità dell'elettrificazione, inclusi le emissioni e le esternalità della mobilità elettrica, per stabilire il contesto attuale e i possibili vantaggi e svantaggi dell'elettrificazione dei trasporti. È stato rivelato che, in determinate condizioni, i VE possono contribuire maggiormente al riscaldamento globale rispetto ai veicoli a motore a combustione interna (ICEV), se i VE vengono prodotti e caricati utilizzando fonti di energia ad alte emissioni. Inoltre, la tesi evidenzia il significativo impatto delle emissioni non da scarico, in particolare il particolato (PM) dei VE. La tesi si conclude riassumendo i suoi contributi, le limitazioni e le direzioni per future ricerche. In generale, questo lavoro mira a fornire ai decisori politici e agli stakeholderdella mobilita elettrica approfondimenti e raccomandazioni per sviluppare un'infrastruttura di ricarica sostenibile ed efficiente per accelerare la transizione verso una mobilità sostenibile.
Planning a sustainable charging infrastructure, estimating charging demand and infrastructure supply for electric mobility in the Milan urban region
Leal Pinho De Morais, Luis
2023/2024
Abstract
The electrification of transport is essential to achieve contemporary sustainability goals and mitigate the environmental impact of transportation. This PhD thesis focuses on evaluating how charging infrastructure for electric vehicles should be deployed to guarantee that users are served more efficiently. The thesis begins by introducing the Milan Urban Region (MUR), the case study of the work. It evaluates current policies and incentives for both electric vehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure. Highlighting the role of Italy and showcasing on the EV side the tax reliefs on acquisition, ownership and fuel and proposes policy suggestions and guidelines for an effective and sustainable EV charging infrastructure. The following chapter estimates the public charging demand by creating a model that uses mobility patterns and EV registrations. The charging demand was projected to 2030 through several scenarios and the introduction of a hypothetical settlement density incentive was tested and emerged as promising. In the following chapter the sufficiency of the existing charging network was analysed. The assessment was performed regarding capacity: with the introduction of a novel power-based indicator denominated “charging gap”, that compared charging supply and demand in the territory, and capillarity: with a study of the placement of charging networks in relation to the most relevant transport amenities including a nearest neighbour analysis and the clustering dispersing effect. Milan emerges as the most critical municipality in terms of capacity and the business-as-usual scenario as the most critical for Milan. Regarding the coverage, areas of improvement were revealed, particularly concerning the coverage of chargers in the South of the MUR and the placement in relation to the road system. The next chapter analyses the sustainability of electrification, including emissions and externalities of electric mobility, to establish the current context and possible advantages and disadvantages of transport electrification. It is revealed that, under certain conditions, EVs can contribute more to global warming than Internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), if the EVs are produced and charged using high-emission energy sources. Additionally, the thesis highlights the significant impact of non-exhaust emissions, particularly particulate matter (PM) from EVs. The thesis concludes by summarizing its contributions, limitations, and future research directions. Overall, this work aims to provide policymakers and stakeholders with insights and recommendations for developing sustainable and efficient charging infrastructure to accelerate the transition to sustainable mobility.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/224732