Metro Manila is considered one of the least affordable cities to live given the ratio between housing prices and income, transportation costs, and the quality of available spaces. At the same time, the metropolis contains many blighted districts which are well-located but underutilized. The urgency with which we should address these phenomena becomes evident when we recognize their relationship with larger issues: The first issue is urban sprawl to greenfield sites at the capital’s outskirts, where land is more affordable. This not only has environmental impacts but also negates the positive effects of spatial concentration created by highly urbanized areas: it has led to increasingly high transportation costs and agglomeration diseconomies. Furthermore, this sprawl is characterized by low-density development, which does not generate enough public revenue per area to sustain high quality public infrastructure and services in the long-term. The second issue is economic stagnation due to the lack of upward mobility and middle-class expansion. Since affordable urban housing enables middle-class expansion and upward mobility, economic growth may be limited by the availability of affordable housing in urban areas. As a solution, the author proposes the renewal of blighted urban areas through mid-market housing infill. However, this solution is met with different constraints, depending on the actor concerned: Local governments do not have resources for widespread urban renewal and mid-market housing provision. Conversely, large real estate developers that are capable of housing provision focus on selling housing products with high profit margins such as suburban gated subdivisions and high-rise residential condominiums. Lastly, households and smaller private entities lack the financial framework, institutional controls, and other tools that enable citizen-led change. Focusing on the untapped potential of citizen-led development, this thesis aims to answer the question, “Which untapped financing strategies enable citizen-led mitigation of urban blight through the production of affordable middle-income housing infill?”. Using a literature and market review, consultations with experts, as well as a qualitative case studies, this thesis identifies underutilized and innovative tools for real estate financing and investment as well as their associated institutional controls and stakeholder arrangements, with the aim of bridging the gap between current and desired processes of urban renewal and housing production.
Metro Manila è ritenuta una delle città meno convenienti in cui vivere, considerati i costi di trasporto, la qualità degli spazi disponibili e il rapporto tra i prezzi delle abitazioni e il reddito medio. Allo stesso tempo, la metropoli contiene molti quartieri degradati, ben posizionati ma sottoutilizzati. L'urgenza con cui questi fenomeni dovrebbero essere affrontati diventa evidente quando ne riconosciamo le relazioni con questioni più ampie. La prima questione riguarda la dispersione urbana verso le aree verdi alla periferia della capitale, dove i terreni sono meno costosi. Questo fenomeno non solo sta avendo un impatto ambientale, ma sta anche vanificando gli effetti positivi della concentrazione spaziale creata dalle aree altamente urbanizzate, portando ad un aumento dei costi di trasporto e alla formazione di diseconomie di agglomerazione. In secondo luogo questa dispersione è caratterizzata da uno sviluppo a bassa densità incapace di generare entrate pubbliche per area in misura sufficiente a sostenere infrastrutture e servizi pubblici di alta qualità nel lungo periodo. Il secondo problema è la stagnazione economica dovuta alla mancanza di ascensione sociale e di espansione del ceto medio. Dal momento in cui gli alloggi urbani a prezzi accessibili consentono sia l'espansione della classe media che la mobilità sociale verso l'alto, la crescita economica potrebbe essere limitata anche dalla scarsa disponibilità di alloggi a prezzi accessibili nelle aree urbane. Come soluzione, l'autrice propone il rinnovamento delle aree urbane degradate attraverso l'infill di abitazioni di fascia media. Tuttavia, questa soluzione si scontra con diversi problemi a seconda della parte interessata: ad esempio, le amministrazioni locali non dispongono di sufficienti risorse per avviare un rinnovamento urbano diffuso e aumentare l’offerta di alloggi di fascia media. Al contrario, i grandi imprenditori edili in grado di fornire servizi abitativi sono concentrati maggiormente sulla vendita di prodotti abitativi con alti margini di profitto, come suddivisioni suburbane private e grandi condomini residenziali. Infine, le famiglie e le piccole entità private non dispongono di un quadro finanziario sistematico, di controlli istituzionali e di altri strumenti in grado di consentire un cambiamento guidato dai cittadini. Concentrandosi sul potenziale non sfruttato dello sviluppo guidato dai cittadini, questa tesi intende rispondere alla domanda: “Quali strategie di finanziamento non sfruttate possono consentire una mitigazione del degrado urbano guidata dai cittadini attraverso la produzione di alloggi a di fascia media a prezzi accessibili tramite interventi di infill?”. Attraverso un'analisi qualitativa di casi studio, della letteratura e del mercato e consultazioni con esperti, questa tesi si propone di definire gli strumenti innovativi e sottoutilizzati nei settori del finanziamento e investimento immobiliare, nonché i relativi controlli istituzionali e accordi tra gli stakeholder, con l'obiettivo di colmare il divario tra gli attuali processi di rinnovamento urbano e produzione di alloggi e quelli desiderati.
Potential financing strategies for the concurrent mitigation of urban blight and housing unaffordability
Boncan, Camille Isabel
2023/2024
Abstract
Metro Manila is considered one of the least affordable cities to live given the ratio between housing prices and income, transportation costs, and the quality of available spaces. At the same time, the metropolis contains many blighted districts which are well-located but underutilized. The urgency with which we should address these phenomena becomes evident when we recognize their relationship with larger issues: The first issue is urban sprawl to greenfield sites at the capital’s outskirts, where land is more affordable. This not only has environmental impacts but also negates the positive effects of spatial concentration created by highly urbanized areas: it has led to increasingly high transportation costs and agglomeration diseconomies. Furthermore, this sprawl is characterized by low-density development, which does not generate enough public revenue per area to sustain high quality public infrastructure and services in the long-term. The second issue is economic stagnation due to the lack of upward mobility and middle-class expansion. Since affordable urban housing enables middle-class expansion and upward mobility, economic growth may be limited by the availability of affordable housing in urban areas. As a solution, the author proposes the renewal of blighted urban areas through mid-market housing infill. However, this solution is met with different constraints, depending on the actor concerned: Local governments do not have resources for widespread urban renewal and mid-market housing provision. Conversely, large real estate developers that are capable of housing provision focus on selling housing products with high profit margins such as suburban gated subdivisions and high-rise residential condominiums. Lastly, households and smaller private entities lack the financial framework, institutional controls, and other tools that enable citizen-led change. Focusing on the untapped potential of citizen-led development, this thesis aims to answer the question, “Which untapped financing strategies enable citizen-led mitigation of urban blight through the production of affordable middle-income housing infill?”. Using a literature and market review, consultations with experts, as well as a qualitative case studies, this thesis identifies underutilized and innovative tools for real estate financing and investment as well as their associated institutional controls and stakeholder arrangements, with the aim of bridging the gap between current and desired processes of urban renewal and housing production.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/225132