Aortic coarctation is a congenital defect characterized by the narrowing of the aorta, which can lead to complications such as ventricular thickening, aneurysm, and aortic dissection. Currently, the treatment for children consists of balloon inflation, which is effective only for mild cases of coarctation, or the insertion of a permanent metallic stent designed for adults. However, it must be removed after a certain period to prevent detachment from the growing artery. This project aims to develop a biodegradable shape memory polymer stent, produced through solvent cast direct writing. Initially, four candidates were designed based on the most commonly used stents; an ink composed of PLCL (copolymer of L-lactide and caprolactone) and chloroform was prepared and printed through a 250 µm nozzle. The samples were subjected to thermal treatment at 65°C overnight. Optical characterization was performed using optical microscopes and a scanning electron microscope. Thermal characterization was also carried out using differential scanning calorimetry to evaluate the glass transition temperature and the crystalline fraction. Mechanical tests were conducted through radial compression and parallel plate compression; finite element analysis was performed to simulate balloon inflation, crimping, and stent compression. Shape memory tests were conducted to evaluate the response at body temperature. The results showed that fabrication quality depends on design, assuming identical materials and printing techniques; therefore, a careful study of process parameters is necessary. The ink can be mixed in different proportions to tailor the glass transition temperature and the crystallinity of the structure; all samples exhibit advantages and disadvantages in terms of mechanical performance, with none being predominant. The S20 design has greater stiffness in absolute terms, followed by the S10 and S8 stents, respectively. This work has highlighted the close correlation between design, mechanical performance, and potential complications of an aortic stent.
La coartazione aortica è un difetto congenito caratterizzato dal restringimento dell'aorta, che può portare a complicazioni come l'ispessimento ventricolare, l'aneurisma e la dissezione aortica. Attualmente, il trattamento per i bambini consiste nel gonfiamento di un palloncino, efficace solo per casi di lieve coartazione, o nell'inserimento di uno stent metallico permanente per adulti. Tuttavia, quest'ultimo deve essere rimosso dopo un certo periodo per evitare che si distacchi dall'arteria in crescita. Questo progetto si propone di sviluppare uno stent polimerico biodegradabile a memoria di forma, prodotto tramite solvent cast direct writing. Inizialmente, sono stati progettati quattro candidati basati sugli stent più comunemente utilizzati; è stato preparato un inchiostro composto da PLCL (copolimero di acido L-lattico e caprolattone) e cloroformio, stampato attraverso un ugello da 250 µm. I campioni sono stati sottoposti a un trattamento termico a 65°C per una notte. La caratterizzazione ottica è stata effettuata utilizzando microscopi ottici e un microscopio elettronico a scansione. È stata inoltre realizzata una caratterizzazione termica mediante calorimetria differenziale a scansione, per valutare la temperatura di transizione vetrosa e la frazione cristallina. I test meccanici sono stati eseguiti tramite compressione radiale e a piatti paralleli; analisi agli elementi finiti sono state condotte simulando il gonfiaggio del palloncino, crimpaggio e compressione dello stent. Delle prove di memoria di forma sono state eseguite per valutare la risposta a temperatura corporea. I risultati hanno dimostrato che la qualità della fabbricazione dipende dalla progettazione, a parità di materiali e tecnica di stampa; è quindi necessario uno studio accurato dei parametri di processo. L'inchiostro può essere miscelato in diverse proporzioni per adattare la temperatura di transizione vetrosa e la cristallinità della struttura; tutti i campioni mostrano vantaggi e svantaggi in termini di prestazioni meccaniche, senza che nessuno risulti predominante. Il design S20 presenta una maggiore rigidità in termini assoluti, seguito dagli stent S10 e S8 rispettivamente. Questo lavoro ha messo in luce la stretta correlazione tra progettazione, prestazioni meccaniche e potenziali complicazioni di uno stent aortico.
Design and characterization of shape memory biodegradable polymeric stents for aortic coarctation
Evangelista, Davide
2023/2024
Abstract
Aortic coarctation is a congenital defect characterized by the narrowing of the aorta, which can lead to complications such as ventricular thickening, aneurysm, and aortic dissection. Currently, the treatment for children consists of balloon inflation, which is effective only for mild cases of coarctation, or the insertion of a permanent metallic stent designed for adults. However, it must be removed after a certain period to prevent detachment from the growing artery. This project aims to develop a biodegradable shape memory polymer stent, produced through solvent cast direct writing. Initially, four candidates were designed based on the most commonly used stents; an ink composed of PLCL (copolymer of L-lactide and caprolactone) and chloroform was prepared and printed through a 250 µm nozzle. The samples were subjected to thermal treatment at 65°C overnight. Optical characterization was performed using optical microscopes and a scanning electron microscope. Thermal characterization was also carried out using differential scanning calorimetry to evaluate the glass transition temperature and the crystalline fraction. Mechanical tests were conducted through radial compression and parallel plate compression; finite element analysis was performed to simulate balloon inflation, crimping, and stent compression. Shape memory tests were conducted to evaluate the response at body temperature. The results showed that fabrication quality depends on design, assuming identical materials and printing techniques; therefore, a careful study of process parameters is necessary. The ink can be mixed in different proportions to tailor the glass transition temperature and the crystallinity of the structure; all samples exhibit advantages and disadvantages in terms of mechanical performance, with none being predominant. The S20 design has greater stiffness in absolute terms, followed by the S10 and S8 stents, respectively. This work has highlighted the close correlation between design, mechanical performance, and potential complications of an aortic stent.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_10_Evangelista.pdf
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2024_10_Evangelista_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/225354