Due to the recent push towards Circular Economy from the European Union, finding ways to recover materials, especially plastics, has become increasingly important due to their potential negative environmental impact. For this reason, Goglio S.p.A., a primary Italian food packaging converter, has recently installed a regrinding line for the internal recovery of polyethylene film scraps, used to produce new food packaging films. The objective of this thesis project was to investigate the possibility of re-extruding the resin up to five times and determine if the material can still be used to produce good-quality films for food packaging. To achieve this goal, the regranulated resin and the films produced with it were tested to verify if their properties were affected by the re-extrusions. Firstly, an infra-red spectroscopy confirmed that the extrusion process did not significantly change the molecular structure of the material. Then, a differential scanning calorimetry showed that the thermal properties of the material (the melting and crystallization temperature, as well as the crystallinity percentage) remained roughly constant with the increasing number of extrusions. With a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, a decreasing trend in the concentration of the antioxidants Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1076 was observed by the increasing number of extrusions, while no overall trend was evidenced for the slip agent erucamide and the degradation products. Moreover, the density of the re-extruded resin was measured, and no significant difference was noticed for the different number of extrusions. Next, it was observed that the rheological properties of the material remained constant throughout the extrusions, allowing an easy recovery. However, a slight increase in complex viscosity, storage, and loss modulus was observed between the virgin film and the ones produced with the regranulated resin. Regarding the tensile properties, an increase in the tensile strength and yield strength was observed with the number of extrusions, while no trend was noticed in Young’s modulus and elongation at break. Finally, no significant change in the barrier properties (water vapor transmission rate, O2 and CO2 permeability), was observed. It can be then concluded that no major change was evidenced in the main material properties between the first and fifth extrusion and the five-times-regranulated resin can be used to produce food packaging films.
A causa della recente spinta verso un’Economia Circolare da parte dell’Unione Europea, trovare nuovi modi di recuperare i materiali, specialmente la plastica, è diventato sempre più importante a causa del loro potenziale impatto negativo sull’ambiente. Per questo motivo, Goglio S.p.A., una delle principali aziende italiane per la trasformazione dell’imballaggio alimentare, ha recentemente installato una linea di rigranulazione per il recupero interno degli scarti di film in polietilene, utilizzati per produrre nuovi film per l’imballaggio alimentare. L’obiettivo di questo progetto di tesi è stato quello di indagare la possibilità di re-estrudere la resina fino a cinque volte e determinare se il materiale può essere utilizzato per produrre film di buona qualità per l’imballaggio alimentare. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, la resina rigranulata e i film prodotti con essa sono stati testati per verificare se le loro proprietà fossero influenzate dalle ripetute estrusioni. Per prima cosa, una spettroscopia a infra-rossi ha confermato che il processo di estrusione non ha significativamente modificato la struttura molecolare del materiale. Poi, una calorimetria a scansione differenziale ha dimostrato che le proprietà termiche del materiale (la temperatura di fusione e di cristallizzazione, e la percentuale di cristallizzazione) sono rimate circa costanti all’aumentare del numero di estrusioni. Con una gascromatografia/spettrometria di massa, è stato osservata una tendenza decrescente nella concentrazione degli antiossidanti Irgafos 168 e Irganox 1076 con l’aumentare del numero di estrusioni, mentre nessuna tendenza è stata evidenziata per lo scivolante erucamide e per i prodotti di degradazione. Inoltre, la densità della resina re-estrusa è stata misurata e nessuna differenza significativa è stata notata per i diversi numeri di estrusione. In seguito, è stato osservato che le proprietà reologiche del materiale sono rimaste costanti per le diverse rigranulazioni, fatto che consente un facile recupero del materiale. Tuttavia, un leggero aumento è stato osservato in viscosità complessa, modulo di accumulo e di perdita tra il film vergine e quelli prodotti con il rigranulato. Riguardo le proprietà meccaniche, è stato osservato un aumento nel carico di rottura e di snervamento con il numero di estrusioni, mentre nessuna tendenza è stata notata per il modulo di Young e l’allungamento a rottura. Infine, nessun cambiamento significativo è stato osservato nelle proprietà di barriera (coefficiente di trasmissione di vapore acqueo, permeabilità a O2 e CO2). Allora, si può concludere che non sono stati evidenziati eccessivi cambiamenti nelle proprietà del materiale tra la prima e la quinta estrusione e la resina rigranulata cinque volte può essere utilizzatata per produrre film per l’imballaggio alimentare.
Evaluation of Post-Industrial Recycling in Food Packaging Materials
Ranaldo, Martina
2023/2024
Abstract
Due to the recent push towards Circular Economy from the European Union, finding ways to recover materials, especially plastics, has become increasingly important due to their potential negative environmental impact. For this reason, Goglio S.p.A., a primary Italian food packaging converter, has recently installed a regrinding line for the internal recovery of polyethylene film scraps, used to produce new food packaging films. The objective of this thesis project was to investigate the possibility of re-extruding the resin up to five times and determine if the material can still be used to produce good-quality films for food packaging. To achieve this goal, the regranulated resin and the films produced with it were tested to verify if their properties were affected by the re-extrusions. Firstly, an infra-red spectroscopy confirmed that the extrusion process did not significantly change the molecular structure of the material. Then, a differential scanning calorimetry showed that the thermal properties of the material (the melting and crystallization temperature, as well as the crystallinity percentage) remained roughly constant with the increasing number of extrusions. With a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, a decreasing trend in the concentration of the antioxidants Irgafos 168 and Irganox 1076 was observed by the increasing number of extrusions, while no overall trend was evidenced for the slip agent erucamide and the degradation products. Moreover, the density of the re-extruded resin was measured, and no significant difference was noticed for the different number of extrusions. Next, it was observed that the rheological properties of the material remained constant throughout the extrusions, allowing an easy recovery. However, a slight increase in complex viscosity, storage, and loss modulus was observed between the virgin film and the ones produced with the regranulated resin. Regarding the tensile properties, an increase in the tensile strength and yield strength was observed with the number of extrusions, while no trend was noticed in Young’s modulus and elongation at break. Finally, no significant change in the barrier properties (water vapor transmission rate, O2 and CO2 permeability), was observed. It can be then concluded that no major change was evidenced in the main material properties between the first and fifth extrusion and the five-times-regranulated resin can be used to produce food packaging films.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_10_Ranaldo_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary
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2024_10_Ranaldo_tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/226193