Low-Energy High-Current Electron Beams (LEHCEB) are attracting attentions in surface alloying and treatment of materials due to their ability in delivering large quantities of energy to surface layers (~1-10 μm) within a short duration (~2 μs). The delivered energy is enough to melt the surface of metallic targets resulting in microstructure or composition modification. Copper-chromium alloys are materials of choice for electrical contacts and vacuum circuit interrupters due to their desired electrical and mechanical properties. The performance of these alloys is significantly influenced by their chemical composition and microstructure and thus, researchers are in pursuit of alloying techniques with enhanced control over the final characteristics. In this regard, immediate synthesis of Cr-Cu alloys on Cu substrates is an interesting technique which is currently under progress. This was achieved by multiple depositions of thin Cr films and their intermixing with underlying substrate in a liquid phase using LEHCEBs without breaking the vacuum cycle, avoiding external contaminations. In addition, already manufactured Cu-Cr alloys by powder metallurgy were treated with the LEHCEB to investigate the alteration in the elemental distribution of their microstructure. The effect of LEHCEB irradiation parameters on the properties of these Cu-Cr systems was studied by means of X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Fluorescence, Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Laser Profilometry and Microindentation. In parallel to the experimental work, a thermal simulation of the electron beam irradiation process was done implementing COMSOL Multiphysics® to analyze the temperature profiles and phase transitions inside the systems.
I fasci di elettroni ad alta corrente e bassa energia (LEHCEB) stanno attirando l'attenzione nel trattamento superficiale e nella formazione di leghe superficiali dei materiali grazie alla loro capacità di fornire grandi quantità di energia agli strati superficiali (~1-10 μm) in un breve intervallo di tempo (~2-3 μs). L'energia fornita è sufficiente a fondere la superficie di materiali metallici, causando modifiche alla microstruttura o alla composizione. Le leghe rame-cromo sono materiali scelti per contatti elettrici e interruttori a vuoto grazie alle loro proprietà elettriche e meccaniche. Le prestazioni di queste leghe sono fortemente influenzate dalla loro composizione chimica e microstruttura e, per questo, i ricercatori sono alla ricerca di tecniche di alligazione che offrano un maggiore controllo sulle caratteristiche finali. In questo contesto, la sintesi di leghe superficiale Cr-Cu su substrati di rame è una tecnica interessante attualmente in fase di sviluppo. Questo è stato ottenuto mediante la deposizione multipla di sottili film di Cr e il loro intermixing con il substrato sottostante in fase liquida utilizzando i LEHCEB senza interrompere il ciclo di vuoto, evitando in questo modo contaminazioni dall’ambiente esterno. Inoltre, leghe di rame-cromo già prodotte tramite metallurgia delle polveri sono state trattate con LEHCEB per indagare la modifica nella distribuzione elementale e della loro microstruttura. L'effetto dei parametri di irraggiamento LEHCEB sulle proprietà di questi sistemi Cu-Cr è stato studiato mediante Diffrazione a Raggi X, Fluorescenza a Raggi X, Microscopia ottica, Microscopia Elettronica a Scansione, Microanalisi chimica EDS, Microindentazione e profilometria laser. Parallelamente al lavoro sperimentale, è stata eseguita una simulazione termica del processo di irraggiamento del fascio di elettroni implementando COMSOL Multiphysics® per analizzare i profili di temperatura e le transizioni di fase all'interno dei sistemi.
Copper-chromium surface alloying and surface treatment using low-energy high-current electron beam and irradiation simulation employing comsol multiphysics
Mohtashamifar, Ali
2023/2024
Abstract
Low-Energy High-Current Electron Beams (LEHCEB) are attracting attentions in surface alloying and treatment of materials due to their ability in delivering large quantities of energy to surface layers (~1-10 μm) within a short duration (~2 μs). The delivered energy is enough to melt the surface of metallic targets resulting in microstructure or composition modification. Copper-chromium alloys are materials of choice for electrical contacts and vacuum circuit interrupters due to their desired electrical and mechanical properties. The performance of these alloys is significantly influenced by their chemical composition and microstructure and thus, researchers are in pursuit of alloying techniques with enhanced control over the final characteristics. In this regard, immediate synthesis of Cr-Cu alloys on Cu substrates is an interesting technique which is currently under progress. This was achieved by multiple depositions of thin Cr films and their intermixing with underlying substrate in a liquid phase using LEHCEBs without breaking the vacuum cycle, avoiding external contaminations. In addition, already manufactured Cu-Cr alloys by powder metallurgy were treated with the LEHCEB to investigate the alteration in the elemental distribution of their microstructure. The effect of LEHCEB irradiation parameters on the properties of these Cu-Cr systems was studied by means of X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Fluorescence, Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Laser Profilometry and Microindentation. In parallel to the experimental work, a thermal simulation of the electron beam irradiation process was done implementing COMSOL Multiphysics® to analyze the temperature profiles and phase transitions inside the systems.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_10_Mohtashamifar_Thesis.pdf
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2024_10_Mohtashamifar_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/226461