As global concerns rise over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing temperatures, stronger environmental laws have emerged worldwide. These laws have prompted collaborative efforts, the creation of carbon markets, and the implementation of multiple policies. However, while much literature examines how these laws have effectively reduced pollution and GHG emissions in the last two decades, little attention is given to their impact on specific sectors like refineries. This results in a lack of policy goals aimed at incentivizing refineries to adopt greener production methods. In this context, as hydrogen production within refineries can contribute up to 20% of emissions, this research examines the transition from traditional steam methane reforming to low-carbon hydrogen production using renewable energy-powered electrolyzers. The case study is situated in China, as the nation ranks first globally in crude oil consumption and first in crude oil imports, representing a significant share of worldwide refinery emission. Initially, the Petroleum Refinery Life Cycle Inventory Model (PRELIM) is used to quantify refinery emissions, and hydrogen demand across various crude oil types. Subsequently, the study assesses the feasibility of renewable-powered microgrids, designed using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER), in three Chinese regions identified as the most promising for the transition to low-carbon production: Shandong, Shaanxi, and Xinjiang. Results show that Shandong is the most cost-effective region due to its abundant wind and solar resources, but absolute Net Present Costs remain high across all locations. Additionally, the high cost of CO₂ avoidance makes decarbonization difficult to justify compared to paying carbon taxes, especially with future carbon prices in China projected at 80 CNY/ton. The project may only be viable in regions with strong wind and solar resources and higher carbon prices, similar to those in the European Emissions Trading System. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that strengthened environmental policies alone may not inherently lead refineries towards greener production. To achieve this objective, implementing stronger incentives for low-carbon hydrogen production, conducting further research on refinery carbon reduction measures, and ensuring consistent law enforcement between regions are instead the most crucial and emerging steps to take.
Con il crescere delle preoccupazioni globali riguardo alle emissioni di gas serra e l'aumento delle temperature, regolamentazioni ambientali più rigorose sono emerse in tutto il mondo. Queste normative hanno incentivato sforzi collaborativi, la creazione di mercati del carbonio e l’implementazione di numerose linee guida nei settori ad alto impatto emissivo. Tuttavia, mentre molta letteratura esamina come queste leggi abbiano efficacemente ridotto l'inquinamento e le emissioni di gas serra negli ultimi due decenni, si presta poca attenzione al loro impatto su settori specifici come le raffinerie. Questo comporta una carenza di politiche mirate a incentivare le raffinerie ad adottare metodi di produzione a basse emissioni. In questo contesto, poiché la produzione di idrogeno nelle raffinerie può contribuire fino al 20% delle emissioni, questa ricerca analizza la transizione dal reforming a vapore per la produzione di idrogeno a metodi a basse emissioni di carbonio, utilizzando elettrolizzatori alimentati da energie rinnovabili. Il caso studio è situato in Cina, poiché la nazione è al primo posto a livello globale per consumo e importazioni di petrolio greggio, rappresentando una quota significativa delle emissioni globali delle raffinerie. Inizialmente, il Petroleum Refinery Life Cycle Inventory Model (PRELIM) viene utilizzato per quantificare le emissioni delle raffinerie e la domanda di idrogeno per diversi tipi di petrolio greggio. Successivamente, lo studio valuta la fattibilità di microreti alimentate da rinnovabili, progettate utilizzando il Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER), in tre regioni cinesi identificate come le più promettenti per la transizione verso una produzione a basse emissioni di carbonio: Shandong, Shaanxi e Xinjiang. I risultati mostrano che Shandong è la regione più economica grazie alle sue abbondanti risorse eoliche e solari, ma i Net Present Cost assoluti rimangono elevati in tutte le località. Inoltre, l'alto costo della CO₂ evitata rende difficile giustificare la decarbonizzazione rispetto al pagamento delle tasse sul carbonio, soprattutto con i prezzi futuri del carbonio in Cina previsti a 80 CNY/ton. Il progetto potrebbe essere fattibile solo in regioni con forti risorse eoliche e solari e prezzi del carbonio più elevati, simili a quelli dell’ European Trading System. Infine, lo studio sottolinea che politiche ambientali più forti da sole potrebbero non portare le raffinerie verso una produzione a più basso impatto ambientale. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, è invece fondamentale implementare incentivi più forti per la produzione di idrogeno a basse emissioni di carbonio, condurre ulteriori ricerche sulle misure di riduzione del carbonio nelle raffinerie e garantire un'applicazione coerente delle leggi tra le regioni.
Balancing profitability and environmental responsibility: challenges faced by chinese refineries in adapting to greener production
VEDOVI, ASIA
2023/2024
Abstract
As global concerns rise over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing temperatures, stronger environmental laws have emerged worldwide. These laws have prompted collaborative efforts, the creation of carbon markets, and the implementation of multiple policies. However, while much literature examines how these laws have effectively reduced pollution and GHG emissions in the last two decades, little attention is given to their impact on specific sectors like refineries. This results in a lack of policy goals aimed at incentivizing refineries to adopt greener production methods. In this context, as hydrogen production within refineries can contribute up to 20% of emissions, this research examines the transition from traditional steam methane reforming to low-carbon hydrogen production using renewable energy-powered electrolyzers. The case study is situated in China, as the nation ranks first globally in crude oil consumption and first in crude oil imports, representing a significant share of worldwide refinery emission. Initially, the Petroleum Refinery Life Cycle Inventory Model (PRELIM) is used to quantify refinery emissions, and hydrogen demand across various crude oil types. Subsequently, the study assesses the feasibility of renewable-powered microgrids, designed using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER), in three Chinese regions identified as the most promising for the transition to low-carbon production: Shandong, Shaanxi, and Xinjiang. Results show that Shandong is the most cost-effective region due to its abundant wind and solar resources, but absolute Net Present Costs remain high across all locations. Additionally, the high cost of CO₂ avoidance makes decarbonization difficult to justify compared to paying carbon taxes, especially with future carbon prices in China projected at 80 CNY/ton. The project may only be viable in regions with strong wind and solar resources and higher carbon prices, similar to those in the European Emissions Trading System. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that strengthened environmental policies alone may not inherently lead refineries towards greener production. To achieve this objective, implementing stronger incentives for low-carbon hydrogen production, conducting further research on refinery carbon reduction measures, and ensuring consistent law enforcement between regions are instead the most crucial and emerging steps to take.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_09_Vedovi_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/227255