The Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA) is a major ESA X-ray observatory mission initially set for launch in the early 2030s, designed to investigate high energy astrophysical phenomena in the X-ray band. The mission’s success relies on the precise calibration of the mirror assembly, based on the new concept of the Silicon Pore Optics (SPO). The Vertical X-ray Raster-Scan Facility (VERT-X) has been developed to address these calibration needs. Vert-X features a novel vertical configuration and precision raster scanning system, which represents a significant advancement over existing facilities. The facility integrates advanced features to overcome limitations of existing systems and ensure accurate calibration of the mirror assembly. The facility is currently under development. The objective of this thesis is to simulate a calibration test to evaluate its feasibility and duration, determining whether any modifications or additions to the facility are necessary. The final goal is to suggest a feasible approach to the calibration problem, minimizing its duration. The work starts from an evaluation of the error budgets to satisfy the ESA requirements for the calibration plan. Detailed simulations were conducted in order to estimate the time necessary to accomplish the calibration tasks. To this aim the X-ray source spectrum and the filters transmissivity have been extrapolated using simulation and data provided by the manufacturers. One of the key elements of the simulation is the performance of the detector, its quantum efficiency and its frame rate. Considering also the reflectivity of the collimator and of the mirror assembly of ATHENA, an optimized calibration strategy has been proposed, determining a feasible solution to the calibration challenge. By adjusting parameters such as the spectrum intensity and filter thickness, the algorithm minimizes the calibration time, finding a solution able to complete one calibration cycle in less than nine hours. Finally, this thesis examines different baselines to find possible improvements to the calibration process, proposing changes with respect to the current baseline to further refine the calibration strategy and decrease the calibration time.
L’Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA) è una tra le più grandi missioni astronomiche a raggi X, prevista inizialmente per il lancio nei primi anni 2030, progettata per indagare i fenomeni astrofisici ad alte energie nella banda dei raggi X. Il successo della missione dipende dalla calibrazione precisa dell’assieme ottico, basato sul nuovo concetto dei Silicon Pore Optics (SPO). Una nuova facility, Vertical X-ray Raster-Scan Facility (Vert-X), è stata progettata per rispondere a queste nuove esigenze di calibrazione. Vert-X presenta una configurazione verticale innovativa e un sistema di scansione raster di precisione, che porta ad un significativo avanzamento rispetto alle strutture già collaudate. La struttura integra caratteristiche avanzate per superare le limitazioni dei sistemi esistenti e garantire una calibrazione accurata dell’assieme ottico. La struttura è attualmente in fase di sviluppo. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è simulare un test di calibrazione per valutare la sua fattibilità e durata, determinando se sono necessarie modifiche o aggiunte alla facility. L’obiettivo finale è suggerire un approccio fattibile al problema della calibrazione, minimizzandone la sua durata. Il lavoro inizia con una valutazione dell’error budget per soddisfare i requisiti definiti dall’ESA nel piano di calibrazione. Sono state condotte diverse simulazioni per stimare il tempo necessario per completare le attività di calibrazione. Utilizzando quindi simulazioni e dati forniti dai produttori, è stato possibile definire lo spettro della sorgente X e la trasmissività dei filtri. Uno degli elementi chiave della simulazione sono le performance del detector, in termini di quantum efficiency e frame rate. Considerando anche la riflettività del collimatore e dell’assieme ottico di ATHENA, è stato possibile ottimizzare il processo di calibrazione, trovando una soluzione efficiente al problema, capace di svolgere un ciclo di calibrazione di meno di nove ore. Infine, questa tesi esamina diverse baseline per definire possibili miglioramenti alla strategia di calibrazione, proponendo modifiche all’attuale design, diminuendo il tempo di calibrazione rispetto alla baseline attuale.
Optimization of the ATHENA optics on-ground calibration strategy
Pecoraro, Gaetano
2023/2024
Abstract
The Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA) is a major ESA X-ray observatory mission initially set for launch in the early 2030s, designed to investigate high energy astrophysical phenomena in the X-ray band. The mission’s success relies on the precise calibration of the mirror assembly, based on the new concept of the Silicon Pore Optics (SPO). The Vertical X-ray Raster-Scan Facility (VERT-X) has been developed to address these calibration needs. Vert-X features a novel vertical configuration and precision raster scanning system, which represents a significant advancement over existing facilities. The facility integrates advanced features to overcome limitations of existing systems and ensure accurate calibration of the mirror assembly. The facility is currently under development. The objective of this thesis is to simulate a calibration test to evaluate its feasibility and duration, determining whether any modifications or additions to the facility are necessary. The final goal is to suggest a feasible approach to the calibration problem, minimizing its duration. The work starts from an evaluation of the error budgets to satisfy the ESA requirements for the calibration plan. Detailed simulations were conducted in order to estimate the time necessary to accomplish the calibration tasks. To this aim the X-ray source spectrum and the filters transmissivity have been extrapolated using simulation and data provided by the manufacturers. One of the key elements of the simulation is the performance of the detector, its quantum efficiency and its frame rate. Considering also the reflectivity of the collimator and of the mirror assembly of ATHENA, an optimized calibration strategy has been proposed, determining a feasible solution to the calibration challenge. By adjusting parameters such as the spectrum intensity and filter thickness, the algorithm minimizes the calibration time, finding a solution able to complete one calibration cycle in less than nine hours. Finally, this thesis examines different baselines to find possible improvements to the calibration process, proposing changes with respect to the current baseline to further refine the calibration strategy and decrease the calibration time.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/227285