Robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) is used to complement traditional physical therapy (PT) in the motor rehabilitation of diplegic patients with cerebral palsy (CP). The effectiveness of RAGT using the pediatric Lokomat is still under investigation. To evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment, variations in spatio-temporal and clinical parameters of patients are often assessed, while variations in kinematic and dynamic parameters are overlooked. Moreover, there are no studies in the literature that evaluate the effects of treatment using the Lokomat through synthetic gait indices, such as the Gait Profile Score (GPS) and the Gait Deviation Index (GDI). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of RAGT using the pediatric Lokomat (Hocoma AG, Volketswil, Switzerland) in 41 diplegic patients aged between 5 and 18 years, investigating clinical parameters, spatio-temporal parameters, some summary gait indices. More than 5 walking trials were acquired for each patient before and after treatment in a movement analysis laboratory, from which, after processing, the analysis parameters were identified and calculated. The study was conducted both on the entire group and on subgroups obtained by dividing the patients according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) into level I (GMFCS-I), II (GMFCS-II), and III (GMFCS-III) patients. The study revealed a significant difference between the parameters acquired before and after the treatment in the entire group; The following parameters showed significant improvement: clinical parameters related to 6MWT, GMFM, GMFM-D, GMFM-E, the ankle A-ROM in the sagittal plane, GDI, GPS and its GVSs related to pelvic tilt, hip flexion-extension, and foot progression. Although not uniformly, significant differences also emerged in the individual groups. Specifically, the clinical parameters related to GMFM, GMFM-D, and 6MWT improved in all subgroups, while GMFM-E improved in GMFCS-I and GMFCS-II but not in GMFCS-III. The GVSs related to the pelvis, hip, knee, ankle, and foot showed significant variations that, from GMFCS-I to GMFCS-III, shift from the proximal level (pelvic tilt, hip flexion-extension) to the distal level (knee flexion-extension, ankle dorsiflexion-plantarflexion). The correlation test showed that patients with more severe motor disabilities, evaluated through the GMFCS, who therefore have lower scores in clinical evaluations (6MWT, GMFM, FAQ) and are characterized by a high GPS value (>7°) (negative correlation between 6MWT and GPS and between FAQ and GPS) and a low GDI value (<100)(positive correlation between 6MWT and GDI and between FAQ and GDI), exhibited a higher margin of improvement in GPS compared to patients with less severe motor disabilities. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that rehabilitation treatment with Lokomat seems to be effective, but the degree of effectiveness varies depending on the level of motor disability and the parameter analysed. To further investigate the effectiveness of this rehabilitation treatment, it would be advisable to compare the results with a control group that received only traditional rehabilitation therapy and/or a group that underwent only RAGT. Furthermore, a larger dataset and a more homogeneous group of patients in terms of anthropometric parameters and age would allow for the investigation of potential significant correlations, excluding the impact that these variables could have on them.
La riabilitazione del cammino assistita da robot (RAGT) viene utilizzata per integrare la terapia riabilitativa tradizionale (PT) nella riabilitazione motoria di pazienti diplegici affetti da paralisi cerebrale infantile (PCI). L’efficacia della RAGT con Lokomat pediatrico è ad oggi ancora oggetto di indagine. Per la valutazione dell’efficacia del trattamento, spesso sono valutate le variazioni dei parametri spazio-temporali e dei parametri clinici dei pazienti, tralasciando invece le variazioni che si manifestano in termini di parametri di cinematica e dinamica. Inoltre non sono presenti studi in letteratura che valutano gli effetti del trattamento mediante Lokomat utilizzando indici sintetici del cammino, quali Gait profile Score (GPS) e Gait deviation index (GDI), L’obiettivo del seguente progetto di tesi è quello di valutare l’efficacia della RAGT mediante Lokomat pediatrico (Hocoma AG, Volketswil, Svizzera) in 41 pazienti diplegici di età compresa tra i 5 e 18 anni, indagando i parametri clinici, i parametri spazio-temporali e alcuni indici sintetici del cammino. Per ciascun paziente, sono state acquisite più di 5 prove di cammino sia prima che dopo il trattamento in un laboratorio di analisi del movimento, da cui, a seguito dell’elaborazione sono stati identificati e calcolati i parametri di analisi. L’analisi dei dati è stata condotta sia considerando l’intero gruppo sia considerando i sottogruppi ottenuti suddividendo i pazienti a seconda del Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) in pazienti di livello I (GMFCS-I), II (GMFCS-II) e III (GMFCS-III). Dallo studio è emersa una differenza significativa tra i parametri acquisiti prima e dopo il trattamento nell’intero gruppo; in particolare risultano migliorati in modo significativo: i parametri clinici dei pazienti relativi a 6MWT, GMFM, GMFM-D, GMFM-E, il ROM della caviglia sul piano sagittale, il GDI, il GPS e i suoi GVSs relativi al tilt-pelvico, flesso-estensione dell’anca e alla progressione del piede. Seppur in modo non omogeneo, differenze significative sono emerse anche nei singoli gruppi, in particolare: i parametri clinici dei pazienti relativi a GMFM, GMFM-D e 6MWT sono migliorati in tutti i sottogruppi, mentre, GMFM-E risulta migliorato per GMFCS-I e GMFCS-II ma non per GMFCS-III; i GVSs relativi al bacino, anca, ginocchio, caviglia e piede hanno invece mostrato delle variazioni significative che nel passare da GMFCS-I a GMFCS-III si spostano dal livello prossimale (tilt-pelvico, flesso-estensione dell’anca) al livello distale (flesso-estensione del ginocchio, dorsi-plantarflessione della caviglia). Il test di correlazione ha mostrato che pazienti con una disabilità motoria più grave, valutati attraverso il GMFCS, e che pertanto presentano un minor punteggio nelle valutazioni cliniche (6MWT, GMFM, FAQ) e che sono caratterizzati da un valore elevato del GPS (>7°) (correlazione negativa fra 6MWT e GPS e fra FAQ e GPS) e da un basso valore del GDI (<100) (correlazione positiva fra FAQ e GDI e fra 6MWT e GDI), hanno mostrato un margine di miglioramento più elevato nel GPS rispetto a pazienti con una disabilità motoria meno grave. In conclusione, lo studio effettuato ha mostrato che il trattamento riabilitativo mediante Lokomat sembra essere efficace ma in modo variabile a seconda del livello di disabilità motoria e a seconda del parametro oggetto di analisi. Al fine di poter ulteriormente indagare l’efficacia di tale trattamento riabilitativo sarebbe opportuno confrontare i risultati ottenuti con un gruppo di controllo che ha effettuato la sola terapia riabilitativa tradizionale e/o un gruppo che ha effettuato la sola RAGT; inoltre, un dataset più ampio e un gruppo di pazienti più omogeneo in termini di parametri antropometrici ed età, permetterebbe di indagare su eventuali correlazioni significative escludendo l’impatto che quest’ultimi potrebbero apportare ad esse.
Valutazione degli effetti sul cammino del trattamento riabilitativo robotizzato con il sistema Lokomat in bambini con paralisi cerebrale infantile bilaterale
Cerreto, Mimma
2023/2024
Abstract
Robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) is used to complement traditional physical therapy (PT) in the motor rehabilitation of diplegic patients with cerebral palsy (CP). The effectiveness of RAGT using the pediatric Lokomat is still under investigation. To evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment, variations in spatio-temporal and clinical parameters of patients are often assessed, while variations in kinematic and dynamic parameters are overlooked. Moreover, there are no studies in the literature that evaluate the effects of treatment using the Lokomat through synthetic gait indices, such as the Gait Profile Score (GPS) and the Gait Deviation Index (GDI). The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of RAGT using the pediatric Lokomat (Hocoma AG, Volketswil, Switzerland) in 41 diplegic patients aged between 5 and 18 years, investigating clinical parameters, spatio-temporal parameters, some summary gait indices. More than 5 walking trials were acquired for each patient before and after treatment in a movement analysis laboratory, from which, after processing, the analysis parameters were identified and calculated. The study was conducted both on the entire group and on subgroups obtained by dividing the patients according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) into level I (GMFCS-I), II (GMFCS-II), and III (GMFCS-III) patients. The study revealed a significant difference between the parameters acquired before and after the treatment in the entire group; The following parameters showed significant improvement: clinical parameters related to 6MWT, GMFM, GMFM-D, GMFM-E, the ankle A-ROM in the sagittal plane, GDI, GPS and its GVSs related to pelvic tilt, hip flexion-extension, and foot progression. Although not uniformly, significant differences also emerged in the individual groups. Specifically, the clinical parameters related to GMFM, GMFM-D, and 6MWT improved in all subgroups, while GMFM-E improved in GMFCS-I and GMFCS-II but not in GMFCS-III. The GVSs related to the pelvis, hip, knee, ankle, and foot showed significant variations that, from GMFCS-I to GMFCS-III, shift from the proximal level (pelvic tilt, hip flexion-extension) to the distal level (knee flexion-extension, ankle dorsiflexion-plantarflexion). The correlation test showed that patients with more severe motor disabilities, evaluated through the GMFCS, who therefore have lower scores in clinical evaluations (6MWT, GMFM, FAQ) and are characterized by a high GPS value (>7°) (negative correlation between 6MWT and GPS and between FAQ and GPS) and a low GDI value (<100)(positive correlation between 6MWT and GDI and between FAQ and GDI), exhibited a higher margin of improvement in GPS compared to patients with less severe motor disabilities. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that rehabilitation treatment with Lokomat seems to be effective, but the degree of effectiveness varies depending on the level of motor disability and the parameter analysed. To further investigate the effectiveness of this rehabilitation treatment, it would be advisable to compare the results with a control group that received only traditional rehabilitation therapy and/or a group that underwent only RAGT. Furthermore, a larger dataset and a more homogeneous group of patients in terms of anthropometric parameters and age would allow for the investigation of potential significant correlations, excluding the impact that these variables could have on them.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_10_Cerreto_Tesi.pdf
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2024_10_Cerreto_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/227394