Agriculture is one of Indonesia's most vital industries that contribute substantially to the national economy and relying on millions of people. Over 90% of the nation's crops are grown by smallholder farmers [1], who are unable to implement modern farming techniques due to several financial obstacles. With over half of the population in the Asia-Pacific region depending on agriculture, small farmers remain susceptible to climate change, market fluctuations, and limited access to formal financial services. Due to the seasonal nature of agriculture, farmers frequently are forced to wait until harvest time for income. Many farmers live off subsistence and struggle to pay for unforeseen expenses such as medical bills or losses incurred from natural disasters [2]. They frequently rely on informally organized loan structures; small local lenders, traders, and loan sharks, which puts them at risk of overbearing interest rates and unstable finances. Rural areas have fewer bank branches, and lending to farmers without collateral is viewed by banks as excessively risky, leading to higher interest rates. Farmers suffer to adopt the newest technologies, hence they lose the opportunity to increase productivity and ability to serve big retailers and higher-paying markets for export. This study explores the research question: "How can financial models be designed to align with the cash flow of farming and farmer types to enable small farmers in Indonesia to afford smart technology?" The findings of this research emphasize that financial models cannot be generalized across all farming situations. Different financing approaches are necessary depending on factors such as the farmer's cash flow cycle whether they operate on a contractual basis or a cash basis and the type of smart technology they intend to adopt. The findings shows that financing preferences vary by farmer type. Conservative farmers, being risk-averse, favour low-risk options like leasing or instalment plans. Growth-oriented farmers, focused on expansion, prefer equity financing or strategic investments. Collaborative farmers balance these approaches, sharing profits and risks with investors. These findings underscore the need for finance models tailored to each farmer's specific situation.
L'agricoltura è una delle industrie più vitali dell'Indonesia, contribuendo in modo significativo all'economia nazionale e impiegando milioni di persone. Oltre il 90% delle colture del paese sono coltivate da piccoli agricoltori [1], che non sono in grado di implementare tecniche agricole moderne a causa di ostacoli finanziari. I piccoli agricoltori rimangono vulnerabili ai cambiamenti climatici, alle fluttuazioni del mercato e all'accesso limitato ai servizi finanziari formali. A causa della natura stagionale dell'agricoltura, gli agricoltori sono spesso costretti ad aspettare il periodo del raccolto per ottenere un reddito. Di frequente, si affidano a strutture di prestito informali, come piccoli prestatori locali, commercianti e usurai, che li espongono a tassi di interesse esorbitanti e finanze instabili. Gli agricoltori faticano ad adottare le tecnologie più recenti, perdendo l'opportunità di aumentare la produttività e di servire mercati di esportazione più remunerativi. Questo studio esplora la domanda di ricerca: "Come possono essere progettati i modelli finanziari per allinearsi ai flussi di cassa dell'agricoltura e ai tipi di agricoltori, consentendo ai piccoli agricoltori in Indonesia di permettersi tecnologie intelligenti?" I risultati evidenziano che i modelli finanziari non possono essere generalizzati per tutte le situazioni agricole. Sono necessari approcci di finanziamento differenti a seconda del ciclo di flusso di cassa e del tipo di tecnologia adottata. Le preferenze di finanziamento variano in base al tipo di agricoltore. Gli agricoltori conservatori, avversi al rischio, preferiscono opzioni a basso rischio come il leasing o i piani rateali, mentre quelli orientati alla crescita preferiscono il finanziamento tramite capitale proprio o investimenti strategici. Gli agricoltori collaborativi bilanciano questi approcci, condividendo profitti e rischi con gli investitori.
Finance models to enable small farmers to afford smart technology
Sitepu, Zithri
2023/2024
Abstract
Agriculture is one of Indonesia's most vital industries that contribute substantially to the national economy and relying on millions of people. Over 90% of the nation's crops are grown by smallholder farmers [1], who are unable to implement modern farming techniques due to several financial obstacles. With over half of the population in the Asia-Pacific region depending on agriculture, small farmers remain susceptible to climate change, market fluctuations, and limited access to formal financial services. Due to the seasonal nature of agriculture, farmers frequently are forced to wait until harvest time for income. Many farmers live off subsistence and struggle to pay for unforeseen expenses such as medical bills or losses incurred from natural disasters [2]. They frequently rely on informally organized loan structures; small local lenders, traders, and loan sharks, which puts them at risk of overbearing interest rates and unstable finances. Rural areas have fewer bank branches, and lending to farmers without collateral is viewed by banks as excessively risky, leading to higher interest rates. Farmers suffer to adopt the newest technologies, hence they lose the opportunity to increase productivity and ability to serve big retailers and higher-paying markets for export. This study explores the research question: "How can financial models be designed to align with the cash flow of farming and farmer types to enable small farmers in Indonesia to afford smart technology?" The findings of this research emphasize that financial models cannot be generalized across all farming situations. Different financing approaches are necessary depending on factors such as the farmer's cash flow cycle whether they operate on a contractual basis or a cash basis and the type of smart technology they intend to adopt. The findings shows that financing preferences vary by farmer type. Conservative farmers, being risk-averse, favour low-risk options like leasing or instalment plans. Growth-oriented farmers, focused on expansion, prefer equity financing or strategic investments. Collaborative farmers balance these approaches, sharing profits and risks with investors. These findings underscore the need for finance models tailored to each farmer's specific situation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/227710