In the face of increasingly urgent environmental and social crises, such as climate change, resource depletion, and social inequality, the need to address these issues becomes imperative. Sustainable finance was born in this context, directing capital toward projects that promote both environmental protection and social welfare, integrating ESG factors into investment decisions, and not pursuing solely profit maximization. For companies that are determined to commit to sustainable goals, financial instruments such as Sustainability-Linked Bonds (SLBs) offer a real opportunity by linking financial success to the achievement of ESG targets. Focusing on a set of key hypotheses, this thesis analyses the effects of SLB issuances on issuing companies' environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. Specifically, the first research hypothesis analyses whether this bond issuance significantly improves companies' ESG Scores by examining the potential of SLBs as signalling and incentive tools. However, the results, obtained through robust statistical methods such as ordinary least squares (OLS) with robust standard errors and clustered standard errors, as well as fixed-effects models and first-order autoregressive models (AR (1)), reject the hypothesis. Indeed, they show that SLBs do not guarantee concrete improvements in ESG Score, suggesting a discrepancy between their stated objectives and their actual impact. The second analysis investigates whether issuing companies' credit risk may decline after SLB issuance. Although SLBs may contribute to increased investor confidence, their impact on credit risk appears to be limited, as it is dependent on an actual improvement in corporate performance, which is rare in the short term. Instead, the third hypothesis focuses on the relationship between companies' commitment to improve the sustainable performance detailed in bonds’ SPT and the relative increase recorded in their ESG Score. The results show that although the commitment of issuing companies generally improves their sustainable performance, the impact varies with the ambition and quality of the targets set. Finally, the fourth hypothesis analyses the existence of potential spillover effects across the different ESG dimensions, showing that governance and social initiatives often have a positive impact on each other, while environmental efforts appear to be more limited. These outcomes are supported by the application of robust statistical methods such as the Pooled OLS model with robust standard errors and clustered standard errors and firstorder autoregressive model (AR (1)).
A fronte di crisi ambientali e sociali sempre più urgenti, come il cambiamento climatico, l’esaurimento delle risorse e le diseguaglianze sociali, la necessità di occuparsi di queste problematiche diventa imprescindibile. In questo contest nasce la finanza sostenibile, indirizzando i capitali verso progetti che promuovono sia la tutela ambientale che il benessere sociale e integrando i fattori ESG nelle decisioni di investimento, senza limitarsi alla massimizzazione dei profitti. Per le imprese decise a impegnarsi in obiettivi sostenibili, strumenti finanziari come i Sustainability-Linked Bonds (SLBs) offrono un'opportunità reale, collegando il successo finanziario al raggiungimento dei target ESG. Questa tesi, concentrandosi su una serie di ipotesi chiave, analizza gli effetti delle emissioni di titoli legati alla sostenibilità sulle prestazioni delle aziende emittenti in termini di performance ambientale, sociale e di governance (ESG). In particolare, il primo studio empirico analizza se l'emissione di SLB migliora significativamente il punteggio ESG delle aziende, esaminando il loro potenziale come strumenti di segnalazione e impegno concreto verso la sostenibilità. Tuttavia, i risultati, ottenuti tramite metodi statistici robusti, come i minimi quadrati ordinari (OLS) con errori standard robusti ed errori standard clusterizzati, oltre a modelli a effetti fissi e con autocorrelazione di primo ordine (AR (1)), rigettano l’ipotesi. Si dimostra, infatti, che gli SLB non garantiscono miglioramenti concreti nella performance ESG, suggerendo che esista una discrepanza tra i loro obiettivi dichiarati e il loro effettivo impatto. La seconda ipotesi si concentra sul potenziale effetto positivo dei SLB sulla diminuzione del rischio di credito delle aziende emittenti. Anche in questo caso, i risultati non confermano l’ipotesi. Infatti, nonostante gli SLB contribuiscano all’aumento della fiducia degli investitori, il loro impatto sul rischio di credito risulta essere limitato, in quanto esso dipende da un miglioramento reale delle performance aziendali, che è raro registrare nel breve termine. La terza analisi si concentra invece sul rapporto tra l'impegno delle aziende nel migliorare la prestazione sostenibile descritta nel target del SLB e il relativo miglioramento registrato nel loro punteggio ESG. I risultati dimostrano che, sebbene l'impegno delle aziende emittenti generalmente migliori i loro punteggi ESG, l'impatto potrebbe variare in base all'ambizione e alla qualità degli obiettivi prefissati. Infine, la quarta ipotesi analizza l'esistenza di possibili effetti di spillover tra le dimensioni ESG, mostrando come le iniziative di governance e sociali spesso abbiano un impatto positivo reciproco, mentre quello delle iniziative ambientali risulta essere più limitato. Questi risultati sono supportati dall'applicazione di metodi statistici robusti simili a quelli impiegati nelle prime due ricerche: modello OLS a effetti aggregati, con errori standard robusti ed errori standard clusterizzati, e modello con autocorrelazione di primo ordine (AR (1)).
The impact of sustainability-linked bonds on corporate ESG performance
SALVETTI, GIOVANNI;SPINARDI, ISABELLA
2023/2024
Abstract
In the face of increasingly urgent environmental and social crises, such as climate change, resource depletion, and social inequality, the need to address these issues becomes imperative. Sustainable finance was born in this context, directing capital toward projects that promote both environmental protection and social welfare, integrating ESG factors into investment decisions, and not pursuing solely profit maximization. For companies that are determined to commit to sustainable goals, financial instruments such as Sustainability-Linked Bonds (SLBs) offer a real opportunity by linking financial success to the achievement of ESG targets. Focusing on a set of key hypotheses, this thesis analyses the effects of SLB issuances on issuing companies' environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. Specifically, the first research hypothesis analyses whether this bond issuance significantly improves companies' ESG Scores by examining the potential of SLBs as signalling and incentive tools. However, the results, obtained through robust statistical methods such as ordinary least squares (OLS) with robust standard errors and clustered standard errors, as well as fixed-effects models and first-order autoregressive models (AR (1)), reject the hypothesis. Indeed, they show that SLBs do not guarantee concrete improvements in ESG Score, suggesting a discrepancy between their stated objectives and their actual impact. The second analysis investigates whether issuing companies' credit risk may decline after SLB issuance. Although SLBs may contribute to increased investor confidence, their impact on credit risk appears to be limited, as it is dependent on an actual improvement in corporate performance, which is rare in the short term. Instead, the third hypothesis focuses on the relationship between companies' commitment to improve the sustainable performance detailed in bonds’ SPT and the relative increase recorded in their ESG Score. The results show that although the commitment of issuing companies generally improves their sustainable performance, the impact varies with the ambition and quality of the targets set. Finally, the fourth hypothesis analyses the existence of potential spillover effects across the different ESG dimensions, showing that governance and social initiatives often have a positive impact on each other, while environmental efforts appear to be more limited. These outcomes are supported by the application of robust statistical methods such as the Pooled OLS model with robust standard errors and clustered standard errors and firstorder autoregressive model (AR (1)).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/229972