Proteins are one of the most crucial groups of molecules for the homeostasis of the human body, considering the fact they perform a huge number of tasks inside of it, so being able to solve their native structure after obtaining images of these molecules becomes crucial to understand their tasks and possible mutations. However, this becomes complicated when protein complexes, formed by multiple chains bound together through weak bonds, have to be solved, seeing that their structural integrity is highly susceptible to shear stress and exposure to water-air interface; while Cryo-EM and a traditional sample preparation method represent a good starting point, about 25 % of all proteins still remain unsolvable. To solve them, the study proposes to use a microfluidic circuit to improve the environmental control, decrease the amount of shear stress, isolate the proteins from contact with air and work with less concentrated protein solutions: its chip’s design is built having a chamber where to plug in a cap that includes the Cryo-EM grid and two bubble traps made to stop air from entering it and is connected to a circuit with syringe pumps for flow rate control and a valve to switch between different solutions. Models suggest that the chip’s design creates flow directed towards the grid that, with protein diffusion, promotes protein adhesion to the grid without WSS increasing, and experiments validate the bubble trap’s efficacy. In addition, experiments with proteins show that, at a concentration of 10 nM, the grid is saturated enough to make protein structure reconstruction possible. Still, problems such as the cap creating dead volume and leaking will have to be solved before studying more delicate structures and, possibly, including the design into a Lab-on-Chip device for close-to-single-cell, patient-specific analysis.
Nel corpo umano, le proteine sono molecole fondamentali per l’omeostasi del corpo umano per il gran numero di compiti che eseguono, e risolverne la conformazione nativa permette di comprenderne funzioni e possibili mutazioni. Tuttavia, ciò si complica per complessi proteici, poiché le loro molteplici catene sono legate da legami deboli, sensibili a shear stress e all’esposizione ad interfacce aria-acqua: la Cryo-EM tradizionale rappresenta un buon punto di partenza, ma circa il 25 % di tutte le proteine rimane irrisolto. Si propone dunque l’uso di una piattaforma microfluidica che migliori il controllo ambientale, diminuisca lo shear stress ed elimini le interfacce aria-acqua durante la preparazione dei campioni riducendo la concentrazione proteica, con un chip che possiede un compartimento dove inserire un tappo contenente una griglia per Cryo-EM e trappole anti-bolle prima di esso, ed è collegato a un circuito con pompe a siringa per il controllo del flusso e una valvola per cambiare la soluzione entrante. Modelli suggeriscono che tale design crei un flusso diretto verso la griglia che, con la diffusione proteica, promuove l’adesione alla griglia senza accrescere il WSS, ed esperimenti dimostrano l’efficacia delle trappole antibolle. Inoltre, esperimenti con proteine mostrano che, a P = 10 nM, la griglia è saturata abbastanza da permettere la ricostruzione delle strutture proteiche. Tuttavia, problemi di eccessivo volume e leaking nella camera principale andranno corretti prima di tentare di studiare strutture più delicate e, in futuro, includere il design in un Lab-On-Chip device per analisi su lisati da piccole quantità di cellule estratte da pazienti.
Design and validation of a microfluidic system for enhanced cryo-em grid affinity and efficiency in sample preparation
BIGGIO, DAVIDE
2023/2024
Abstract
Proteins are one of the most crucial groups of molecules for the homeostasis of the human body, considering the fact they perform a huge number of tasks inside of it, so being able to solve their native structure after obtaining images of these molecules becomes crucial to understand their tasks and possible mutations. However, this becomes complicated when protein complexes, formed by multiple chains bound together through weak bonds, have to be solved, seeing that their structural integrity is highly susceptible to shear stress and exposure to water-air interface; while Cryo-EM and a traditional sample preparation method represent a good starting point, about 25 % of all proteins still remain unsolvable. To solve them, the study proposes to use a microfluidic circuit to improve the environmental control, decrease the amount of shear stress, isolate the proteins from contact with air and work with less concentrated protein solutions: its chip’s design is built having a chamber where to plug in a cap that includes the Cryo-EM grid and two bubble traps made to stop air from entering it and is connected to a circuit with syringe pumps for flow rate control and a valve to switch between different solutions. Models suggest that the chip’s design creates flow directed towards the grid that, with protein diffusion, promotes protein adhesion to the grid without WSS increasing, and experiments validate the bubble trap’s efficacy. In addition, experiments with proteins show that, at a concentration of 10 nM, the grid is saturated enough to make protein structure reconstruction possible. Still, problems such as the cap creating dead volume and leaking will have to be solved before studying more delicate structures and, possibly, including the design into a Lab-on-Chip device for close-to-single-cell, patient-specific analysis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_12_Biggio_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi magistrale completa
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2024_12_Biggio_Executive Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary della tesi
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/229984