The electricity sector is experiencing profound transformations, driven by efforts to create a unified internal energy market, a swift rise in distributed renewable energy sources, and the gradual decommissioning of traditional thermal power plants. As part of the European Green Deal, the EU aims to become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. However, this increase in RES, typically smaller and more volatile sources connected at low and medium voltage levels as Distributed Energy Resources, has intensified grid variability and raised the need for additional power reserves. Renewables should be fully integrated in the balancing market to answer the new needs in an economical and effective manner. To reduce residual balancing needs, effective incentives are essential for market players to align their energy schedules with expected production or consumption levels. European regulations stipulate that deviations from scheduled programs are settled at a real-time regulated price, reflecting the current value of electricity. However, since real-time prices often differ from day-ahead market prices, these arrangements can create opportunities for price arbitrage across sequential markets. For this reason, regulators in Italy have dedicated considerable focus and effort to defining imbalance settlement regulations from multiple perspectives, including imbalance valorisation and the establishment of new price macro-zones. This thesis will examine how imbalance regulation has evolved in Italy and assess the impacts of these changes. To do so, it is essential to outline the changes introduced by various regulatory resolutions over the years, which have collectively shaped the framework governing imbalance settlement. In the literature review presented in this thesis, two aspects will be analysed: the impact of the regulatory framework on imbalance settlement discipline, and the new methodologies and tools being developed for better forecasting accuracy.
Il settore elettrico sta attraversando una fase di cambiamento profondo, guidata dagli sforzi per creare un mercato energetico interno integrato, dalla rapida crescita delle fonti di energia rinnovabile distribuite e dal progressivo smantellamento delle centrali termiche tradizionali. Con il Green Deal europeo, l'UE si propone di diventare il primo continente a impatto climatico zero entro il 2050. Tuttavia, l'aumento delle fonti rinnovabili, generalmente più piccole e caratterizzate da una produzione variabile e connesse a livelli di tensione medio-bassi come Risorse Energetiche Distribuite, ha intensificato la variabilità della rete e ha aumentato la necessità di riserve di potenza supplementari. Per rispondere a queste nuove esigenze in modo economico ed efficace, le rinnovabili devono essere pienamente integrate nei mercati dei servizi ancillari. Incentivi efficaci sono essenziali affinché gli operatori di mercato allineino i loro programmi energetici con i livelli previsti di produzione o consumo, riducendo così le esigenze di bilanciamento residuo. Le normative europee stabiliscono che le deviazioni dai programmi pianificati vengano regolate a un prezzo in tempo reale, riflettendo il valore corrente dell'elettricità. Tuttavia, poiché i prezzi in tempo reale spesso differiscono da quelli del mercato giornaliero, questo meccanismo può creare opportunità di arbitraggio tra i mercati sequenziali. Per questa ragione, i regolatori italiani hanno concentrato notevoli sforzi sulla definizione delle regole di regolazione degli sbilanciamenti, affrontando diverse prospettive, tra cui la valorizzazione degli sbilanciamenti e la creazione di nuove macro-zone di prezzo. Questa tesi analizzerà l’evoluzione della regolamentazione degli sbilanciamenti in Italia e valuterà gli impatti di questi cambiamenti. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo, sarà fondamentale delineare le modifiche introdotte da varie deliberazioni regolatorie nel corso degli anni, che hanno contribuito a costruire l’attuale quadro normativo della disciplina degli sbilanciamenti. Nella revisione della letteratura presentata in questa tesi, saranno esaminati due aspetti principali: l’impatto del quadro normativo sulla disciplina degli sbilanciamenti e le nuove metodologie e strumenti sviluppati per migliorare l'accuratezza delle previsioni.
The evolution of the imbalance settlement in Italy and analysis of the impact of the regulatory framework
Aliaj, Kleiton
2023/2024
Abstract
The electricity sector is experiencing profound transformations, driven by efforts to create a unified internal energy market, a swift rise in distributed renewable energy sources, and the gradual decommissioning of traditional thermal power plants. As part of the European Green Deal, the EU aims to become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. However, this increase in RES, typically smaller and more volatile sources connected at low and medium voltage levels as Distributed Energy Resources, has intensified grid variability and raised the need for additional power reserves. Renewables should be fully integrated in the balancing market to answer the new needs in an economical and effective manner. To reduce residual balancing needs, effective incentives are essential for market players to align their energy schedules with expected production or consumption levels. European regulations stipulate that deviations from scheduled programs are settled at a real-time regulated price, reflecting the current value of electricity. However, since real-time prices often differ from day-ahead market prices, these arrangements can create opportunities for price arbitrage across sequential markets. For this reason, regulators in Italy have dedicated considerable focus and effort to defining imbalance settlement regulations from multiple perspectives, including imbalance valorisation and the establishment of new price macro-zones. This thesis will examine how imbalance regulation has evolved in Italy and assess the impacts of these changes. To do so, it is essential to outline the changes introduced by various regulatory resolutions over the years, which have collectively shaped the framework governing imbalance settlement. In the literature review presented in this thesis, two aspects will be analysed: the impact of the regulatory framework on imbalance settlement discipline, and the new methodologies and tools being developed for better forecasting accuracy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/230317