The concerning situation about energy consumption and CO2 emissions from building operations has brought attention to the need to find more sustainable ways to build. In this context, the ancient construction techniques based on raw earth, thanks to the help of modern technologies, offer new perspectives for architecture with low environmental impact. The present Thesis work examines the “Tea House” pavilion designed by architect Sergio Sabbadini and built in collaboration with the company Fratelli Sartore S.r.l in Monticello d'Alba (CN). The pavilion, composed by a soil of a vineyard (Tv) and a waste-soil from the extraction of Botticino marble (Tb), is an example of construction using the rammed earth technique, also known as pisé in French. This Thesis aims to analyse the mechanical behaviour of the mixture used in the construction of the Tea House, focusing on the mineralogical composition of the earths of which it is made and on the possibility of improving the mechanical performance through the modulation of the granulometric distribution. Soil characterization was conducted by combining geotechnical analyses with mineralogical investigations. The latter were performed through Attenuated Total Reflectance – Fourier Transformed Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The investigation of the mechanical properties was conducted using Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests, firstly, on specimens sourced directly from the construction site. The results of this investigation showed a maximum compressive stress equal to 1.67 MPa. Subsequently, tests were conducted on laboratory-prepared specimens, both reproducing the original mixture and exclusively using Tb. These samples were fabricated using the Proctor compaction test, a method designed to identify the Optimum Water Content (OWC) that yields Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and, subsequently, optimal compressive strength. The results deriving from the UCS tests reported an average value of maximum compressive stress equal to 1,24 MPa in the case of the mix and 1,44 MPa in the case of the Tb-only specimens. As part of the possibility of improving the performance of the compound, a computational tool called Granulometry Builder has been developed. Referring to the ideal curve for the pisé and through a procedure for minimizing the standard deviation, it allowed to obtain a mixture characterized by an optimized granulometric curve. The mixture thus obtained was subjected to compression tests (UCS) which did not show the expected improvement, suggesting that other factors may predominantly influence the mechanical properties of the material. Therefore, the obtained results underline the complexity of the relationship between grain size composition and mechanical behaviour of raw earth and the need for further investigation.
La preoccupante situazione riguardo al consumo energetico e alle emissioni di CO2 da parte del settore edilizio ha posto l’attenzione sulla necessità di trovare modi più sostenibili per costruire. In tale contesto, le antiche tecniche costruttive a base di terra cruda , grazie all'ausilio di moderne tecnologie, offrono nuove prospettive per un'architettura a basso impatto ambientale. Il presente lavoro di Tesi prende in esame il padiglione “Casa del thè” progettato dall’Architetto Sergio Sabbadini e costruito in collaborazione con l’azienda Fratelli Sartore S.r.l a Monticello d’Alba (CN). Il padiglione, composto da una mescola comprendente il terreno proveniente da una vigna (Tv) e il terreno derivante dallo scarto dell’estrazione del marmo Botticino (Tb), è un esempio di costruzione mediante la tecnica della terra battuta, conosciuta anche come pisé in francese. Pertanto, questo lavoro si propone di analizzare il comportamento meccanico della mescola utilizzata nella costruzione della Casa del thè, ponendo l’attenzione sulla composizione mineralogica delle terre di cui essa è costituita e sulla possibilità di migliorare le performance meccaniche tramite la modulazione della granulometria. La caratterizzazione dei terreni è stata condotta combinando analisi geotecniche con indagini mineralogiche. Quest’ultime sono state eseguite attraverso spettroscopia Infrarossa a Trasformata di Fourier (ATR-FTIR), diffrazione a raggi X (XRD), fluorescenza a raggi x (XRF) e analisi termogravimetriche (TGA). L’indagine delle proprietà meccaniche è stata condotta mediante Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test, in primo luogo, su provini prelevati direttamente dal sito costruttivo. I risultati di questa indagine hanno evidenziato uno sforzo massimo a compressione pari a 1,67 MPa. Successivamente, sono state condotte prove su provini modellati in laboratorio, sia riproducendo la miscela originale sia utilizzando esclusivamente la Tb, il costituente principale della miscela usata per il padiglione. Per entrambi i materiali è stato determinato il contenuto ottimale di acqua (OWC) mediante il test di compattazione Proctor, al fine di ottenere la massima densità a secco (MDD) e, conseguentemente la massima resistenza a compressione. I risultati derivanti dai test UCS hanno riportato un valore medio di sforzo massimo a compressione pari a 1,24 MPa nel caso del mix e 1,44 MPa nel caso dei provini di sola Tb. Nell’ambito della possibilità di migliorare le prestazioni della mescola, è stato sviluppato uno strumento computazionale chiamato Granulometry Builder. Riferendosi alla curva ideale per il pisé e tramite una procedura di minimizzazione dello scarto quadratico medio, esso ha permesso di ottenere una miscela caratterizzata da una curva granulometrica ottimizzata. La miscela così ottenuta è stata sottoposta a un test di compressione (UCS) i cui risultati hanno però disatteso il miglioramento ipotizzato, suggerendo che altri fattori influenzino in modo preponderante le proprietà meccaniche del materiale. I risultati ottenuti sottolineano quindi la complessità della relazione tra composizione granulometrica e il comportamento meccanico delle terre crude e la necessità di ulteriori approfondimenti.
Building with rammed earth. Characterisation and mix optimisation: the case study of the Tea House Pavillion
Elia, Natalia
2023/2024
Abstract
The concerning situation about energy consumption and CO2 emissions from building operations has brought attention to the need to find more sustainable ways to build. In this context, the ancient construction techniques based on raw earth, thanks to the help of modern technologies, offer new perspectives for architecture with low environmental impact. The present Thesis work examines the “Tea House” pavilion designed by architect Sergio Sabbadini and built in collaboration with the company Fratelli Sartore S.r.l in Monticello d'Alba (CN). The pavilion, composed by a soil of a vineyard (Tv) and a waste-soil from the extraction of Botticino marble (Tb), is an example of construction using the rammed earth technique, also known as pisé in French. This Thesis aims to analyse the mechanical behaviour of the mixture used in the construction of the Tea House, focusing on the mineralogical composition of the earths of which it is made and on the possibility of improving the mechanical performance through the modulation of the granulometric distribution. Soil characterization was conducted by combining geotechnical analyses with mineralogical investigations. The latter were performed through Attenuated Total Reflectance – Fourier Transformed Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The investigation of the mechanical properties was conducted using Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests, firstly, on specimens sourced directly from the construction site. The results of this investigation showed a maximum compressive stress equal to 1.67 MPa. Subsequently, tests were conducted on laboratory-prepared specimens, both reproducing the original mixture and exclusively using Tb. These samples were fabricated using the Proctor compaction test, a method designed to identify the Optimum Water Content (OWC) that yields Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and, subsequently, optimal compressive strength. The results deriving from the UCS tests reported an average value of maximum compressive stress equal to 1,24 MPa in the case of the mix and 1,44 MPa in the case of the Tb-only specimens. As part of the possibility of improving the performance of the compound, a computational tool called Granulometry Builder has been developed. Referring to the ideal curve for the pisé and through a procedure for minimizing the standard deviation, it allowed to obtain a mixture characterized by an optimized granulometric curve. The mixture thus obtained was subjected to compression tests (UCS) which did not show the expected improvement, suggesting that other factors may predominantly influence the mechanical properties of the material. Therefore, the obtained results underline the complexity of the relationship between grain size composition and mechanical behaviour of raw earth and the need for further investigation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_12_Elia.pdf
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2024_12_Elia_Executive summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/230337