Composite materials are intrinsically hard to be thought in a circular economy perspective. The waste hierarchy indicates how reuse and prevention should be prioritized with respect to recycling. One particular type of waste are prepreg offcuts, which consists in already impregnated fabrics from which the desired shape has been cutout. Around 13 tons of uncured scraps are yearly landfilled in the US, determining both an environmental concern and a commercial loss. A novel approach for the recovery and upcycling of prepreg scraps is here proposed, cutting regular patches of different sizes and shapes, which are laid down with different architectures. The main novelty is the greater mesostructural order compared to previous works in which uncured chips are disposed in a random fashion. Rectangular and squared patches have been cut out from prepreg and assembled according to two different configurations, to manufacture samples for four point bending tests. The two architectures are called "Not-Overlapped" (NO-OV), in which patches are laid next to each other, and "Overlapped" (OV), in which they are overlapped in the same layer. The higher order resulted in a strong increase in the mechanical properties compared to patches disposed randomly. Rectangular patches do not induce a different behavior in the two main directions despite the different density of butt-joints. A negligible difference is observed also when increasing the patch size in the range 34-50 mm. The analysis of fracture, supported by high speed imaging, made possible to identify two main failure modes: the propagation of a vertical crack across the cross-section and the vertical prop- agation evolving in a delamination. A good retention of mechanical properties compared to the unpatched material was confirmed, opening to the possibility of using patch-based materials for semi-structural applications. Finally, finite element models have been built up to mimic the experiments and enable investigating patches of different sizes. It was also necessary to perform DCB and ENF testing on the unpatched material to determine input parameters. It turned out how there is no actual benefit increasing the size of the patches above 50x50 mm, while a strong decrease in stiffness and strength is observed below 10x10 mm.
Collocare i materiali compositi in una prospettiva di economia circolare è intrinsecamente complicato. La gerarchia dei rifiuti prioritizza la prevenzione e il riuso al riciclo. Un particolare tipo di scarto sono i ritagli di preimpregnato, cioè tessuti impregnati da cui le forme desiderate sono già state tagliate. Circa 13 tonnellate annue di sfrido sono inviate in discarica negli US, costituendo sia un problema ambientale che una perdita economica. In questa tesi viene proposto un nuovo approccio per il recupero e la valorizzazione degli sfridi di preimpregnato, tagliando patch regolari di differenti dimensioni e forme, e deponendole secondo diverse architetture. La principale novità è il maggiore ordine mesostrutturale rispetto ai lavori presenti in letteratura, in cui le patch sono disposte in modo randomico. Patch rettangolari e quadrate sono state tagliate e assemblate secondo due diverse ar- chitetture, ottenendo dei campioni per flessione a quattro punti. Le due architetture sono chiamate "Not-Overlapped" (NO-OV), in cui le patch sono affiancate, e "Overlapped" (OV), in cui sono sovrapposte nello stesso strato. Il maggiore ordine ha determinato un forte aumento delle proprietà meccaniche rispetto alle patch disposte randomicamente. Le patch rettangolari non inducono un comportamento differente tra le due direzioni princi- pali, nonostante la diversa densità di giunzioni. Nessuna differenza si nota aumentando le dimensioni nell’intervallo 34-50 mm. L’analisi della frattura, supportata da immag- ini ad alta velocità, ha identificato due tipi di rotture: la propagazione di una cricca verticale attraverso l’intera sezione e la propagazione verticale che evolve in una delami- nazione. Una buona ritenzione delle proprietà meccaniche rispetto al materiale continuo è stata confermata, aprendo alla possibilità di usare i materiali patch-based per applicazioni semi-strutturali. Infine, sono stati costruiti dei modelli ad elementi finiti per riprodurre gli esperimenti e analizzare patch di diverse dimensioni. È stato necessario realizzare test DCB e ENF per determinare le proprietà coesive del materiale continuo. Si è verificao che non c’è nessun beneficio nell’aumentare le dimensioni delle patch oltre 50x50 mm, mentre al di sotto dei 10x10 mm si osserva una forte riduzione di rigidezza e resistenza.
Evaluation and modeling of upcycled prepreg scrap-based materials
Milite, Alessandro
2023/2024
Abstract
Composite materials are intrinsically hard to be thought in a circular economy perspective. The waste hierarchy indicates how reuse and prevention should be prioritized with respect to recycling. One particular type of waste are prepreg offcuts, which consists in already impregnated fabrics from which the desired shape has been cutout. Around 13 tons of uncured scraps are yearly landfilled in the US, determining both an environmental concern and a commercial loss. A novel approach for the recovery and upcycling of prepreg scraps is here proposed, cutting regular patches of different sizes and shapes, which are laid down with different architectures. The main novelty is the greater mesostructural order compared to previous works in which uncured chips are disposed in a random fashion. Rectangular and squared patches have been cut out from prepreg and assembled according to two different configurations, to manufacture samples for four point bending tests. The two architectures are called "Not-Overlapped" (NO-OV), in which patches are laid next to each other, and "Overlapped" (OV), in which they are overlapped in the same layer. The higher order resulted in a strong increase in the mechanical properties compared to patches disposed randomly. Rectangular patches do not induce a different behavior in the two main directions despite the different density of butt-joints. A negligible difference is observed also when increasing the patch size in the range 34-50 mm. The analysis of fracture, supported by high speed imaging, made possible to identify two main failure modes: the propagation of a vertical crack across the cross-section and the vertical prop- agation evolving in a delamination. A good retention of mechanical properties compared to the unpatched material was confirmed, opening to the possibility of using patch-based materials for semi-structural applications. Finally, finite element models have been built up to mimic the experiments and enable investigating patches of different sizes. It was also necessary to perform DCB and ENF testing on the unpatched material to determine input parameters. It turned out how there is no actual benefit increasing the size of the patches above 50x50 mm, while a strong decrease in stiffness and strength is observed below 10x10 mm.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/230381