In light of recent energy crises experienced in Europe, most of all the one triggered after the Russian gas embargo following the invasion of Ukraine, and the urgent need for energy security, this study examines nuclear energy’s potential in Italy’s future energy mix. The ongoing geopolitical challenges, combined with the EU’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions have underscored the need for a resilient, low-emission long-term energy strategy. While renewable energy is expanding, the growing need of clean disaptchable energy to substitute fossil-based plants has positioned nuclear as a valuable alternative. Small modular reactors (SMRs), in particular, offer promising advantages over state-of-the-art large-scale reactors, with their modular design, lower capital requirements, and shorter construction timelines. This study employs the Hypatia energy system optimization model (ESOM) to assess nuclear energy’s integration into the Italian power sector, by modelling both standard large-scale and SMR technologies. Given the weakenesses unveiled by the nuclear industry in Europe lately, the economic characterizaton nuclear power plants (NPPs) is being considered carefully. Three scenarios, each different in terms of the capital cost of nuclear technologies, are analyzed using multi-objective optimization, to account for both costs and direct CO2 emissions. To adequately model nuclear technologies, the following enhancements were made to Hypatia: mixed integer linear programming (MILP), to allow modular capacity installations, and a ramp constraint to accurately simulate plant operational dynamics. The findings suggest that, under specific conditions, nuclear energy, could contribute significantly to lower systems costs while achieving high decarbonization levels. The analysis highlights the impact of nuclear financial costs on project feasibility, as well as the advantages in terms of energy security and emission reduciton goals, offering valuable insights for policymakers and investors considering nuclear as a part of Italy’s sustainable energy transition.
Alla luce delle recenti crisi energetiche in Europa, in particolare l’embargo del gas russo dopo l’invasione dell’Ucraina, e dell’urgenza della sicurezza energetica, questo studio analizza il potenziale del nucleare nel futuro mix energetico italiano. Le attuali sfide geopolitiche, insieme all’obiettivo UE delle zero emissioni nette, evidenziano la necessità di una strategia energetica resiliente e a basse emissioni. Sebbene l’energia rinnovabile si stia espandendo, la crescente domanda di energia pulita e dispacciabile ha permesso la rivalutazione del nucleare come valida alternativa. In particolare, i reattori modulari di piccole dimensioni (SMRs) offrono vantaggi rispetto ai reattori convenzionali, grazie ad un design modulare, costi di investimento ridotti e tempi di costruzione più brevi. Questo studio applica il modello di ottimizzazione dei sistemi energetici (ESOM) Hypatia per valutare l’integrazione del nucleare in Italia, modellando sia grandi reattori, sia SMRs. Dati le recenti difficoltà dell’industria nucleare in Europa, la caratterizzazione economica del nucleare è considerata con attenzione. Tre scenari, ciascuno con un diverso tasso d’interesse sugli impianti nucleari, sono analizzati tramite ottimizzazione multi-obiettivo per valutare costi e emissioni di CO2. Per rappresentare adeguatamente le tecnologie nucleari, le potenzialità di Hypatia sono state ampliate, attraverso l’implementazione della programmazione lineare intera-mista (MILP), al fine di ottenere installazione modulare di capacità ed attraverso un vincolo di rampa, per simulare le dinamiche operative degli impianti. I risultati indicano che, in determinate condizioni, il nucleare potrebbe contribuire significativamente alla sicurezza energetica e alla decarbonizzazione, riducendo i costi di sistema. L’analisi sottolinea il peso dei costi finanziari nella fattibilità di progetti nucleari, offrendo preziosi spunti per decisori politici e investitori in vista della transizione energetica italiana.
Evaluating the nuclear role in the italian power sector: scenario analysis by means of energy system modelling
Zacconi, Tommaso
2023/2024
Abstract
In light of recent energy crises experienced in Europe, most of all the one triggered after the Russian gas embargo following the invasion of Ukraine, and the urgent need for energy security, this study examines nuclear energy’s potential in Italy’s future energy mix. The ongoing geopolitical challenges, combined with the EU’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions have underscored the need for a resilient, low-emission long-term energy strategy. While renewable energy is expanding, the growing need of clean disaptchable energy to substitute fossil-based plants has positioned nuclear as a valuable alternative. Small modular reactors (SMRs), in particular, offer promising advantages over state-of-the-art large-scale reactors, with their modular design, lower capital requirements, and shorter construction timelines. This study employs the Hypatia energy system optimization model (ESOM) to assess nuclear energy’s integration into the Italian power sector, by modelling both standard large-scale and SMR technologies. Given the weakenesses unveiled by the nuclear industry in Europe lately, the economic characterizaton nuclear power plants (NPPs) is being considered carefully. Three scenarios, each different in terms of the capital cost of nuclear technologies, are analyzed using multi-objective optimization, to account for both costs and direct CO2 emissions. To adequately model nuclear technologies, the following enhancements were made to Hypatia: mixed integer linear programming (MILP), to allow modular capacity installations, and a ramp constraint to accurately simulate plant operational dynamics. The findings suggest that, under specific conditions, nuclear energy, could contribute significantly to lower systems costs while achieving high decarbonization levels. The analysis highlights the impact of nuclear financial costs on project feasibility, as well as the advantages in terms of energy security and emission reduciton goals, offering valuable insights for policymakers and investors considering nuclear as a part of Italy’s sustainable energy transition.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_12_Zacconi_Tesi.pdf
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2024_12_Zacconi_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/230392