Air pollution is considered the main environmental risk factor globally. One of the major pollutants of public health concern is nitrogen oxides (NOx). NOx can be dangerous to both human health and the environment, as they can cause respiratory system problems and lead to eutrophication and acidification. For this reason, strong policy efforts are being made to reduce them and minimize their emissions through various legislation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is one of the main abatement technologies for stationary sources. This master's thesis aims to study the performance of a vanadium-based catalyst, used in SCR applications, in two different forms: three-foil pellets and honeycomb monolith. They are used in a waste incineration plant and a coal-fired power plant, respectively. In particular, for the catalysts in the incinerator, special attention will also be paid to their treatments undergone (washing, screening and the presence of liner). For the power plant, on the other hand, the focus will be on the relationship between the location of the monolithic catalyst in the plant and their performance. The catalysts were first studied chemically and physically, with BET and SEM-EDX analysis. Then characterization in terms of catalytic activity was performed. The catalytic test performed was the same for both types of catalysts, but a different temperature range and reagent concentrations were used. Regarding the waste incineration plant, the catalysts were studied in both pellet and powder form. The results show that the kinetic constants decrease with ageing of the catalysts. Among the various treatments undergone by these catalysts, namely: washing, screening and presence of liner, it seems that screening is the best in terms of kinetic performance. In contrast, washing and the presence of liner on the catalysts have been shown to have little effect on catalytic activity. However, washing, compared to the other treatments, allows the removal of impurities such as Na, Ca and Fe from the catalysts. As for coal-fired power plant catalyst samples, they have been studied in both slab and powder form. Their kinetic constant seems to depend on the location of the monolith in the plant. It results that the first sample, which is the first to be passed through by combustion gases, has the highest activity, followed by the third sample and then the intermediate sample. In general, due to the lower diffusion limits and larger available surface area, catalysts in powder form were found to be more reactive than their respective pellet or slab samples.
L'inquinamento atmosferico è considerato il principale fattore di rischio ambientale a livello globale. Uno dei principali inquinanti che destano preoccupazione per la salute pubblica è la famiglia degli ossidi di azoto (NOx). Gli NOx possono essere pericolosi sia per la salute umana che per l'ambiente, in quanto possono causare problemi al sistema respiratorio e portare all'eutrofizzazione e all'acidificazione. Per questo motivo, sono in corso forti sforzi politici per ridurli e minimizzare le loro emissioni attraverso varie legislazioni. La riduzione catalitica selettiva (SCR) è una delle principali tecnologie di abbattimento per le fonti stazionarie. Questa tesi di laurea magistrale si propone di studiare le prestazioni di un catalizzatore a base di vanadio, utilizzato nelle applicazioni SCR, in due forme diverse: pellet trilobati e monolite a nido d'ape. Essi sono utilizzati rispettivamente in un impianto di incenerimento dei rifiuti e in una centrale elettrica a carbone. In particolare, per i catalizzatori dell'inceneritore, si presterà particolare attenzione anche ai trattamenti da essi subiti (lavaggio, vagliatura e presenza di liner). Per la centrale elettrica, invece, l'attenzione si concentrerà sulla relazione tra la posizione dei catalizzatori monolitici nell'impianto e le loro prestazioni. I catalizzatori sono stati prima studiati dal punto di vista chimico e fisico, con analisi BET e SEM-EDX. Poi è stata eseguita la caratterizzazione in termini di attività catalitica. Il test catalitico eseguito è stato lo stesso per entrambi i tipi di catalizzatori, ma sono stati utilizzati un intervallo di temperatura e una concentrazione dei reagenti diversi. Per quanto riguarda l'impianto di incenerimento dei rifiuti, i catalizzatori sono stati studiati sia in forma di pellet che di polvere. I risultati mostrano che le costanti cinetiche diminuiscono con l'invecchiamento dei catalizzatori. Tra i vari trattamenti subiti da questi catalizzatori si annoverano: lavaggio, vagliatura e presenza di liner. La vagliatura sembra essere la più efficace, migliorando le prestazioni cinetiche. Al contrario, il lavaggio e la presenza di liner sui catalizzatori hanno dimostrato di avere pochi effetti sull'attività catalitica. Tuttavia, il lavaggio, rispetto agli altri trattamenti, consente di rimuovere dai catalizzatori impurità come Na, Ca e Fe. Per quanto riguarda i campioni di catalizzatori per centrali elettriche a carbone, essi sono stati studiati sia in forma di lastrine che di polveri. La loro costante cinetica sembra dipendere dalla posizione del monolite nell'impianto. Risulta che il primo campione, che è il primo a essere attraversato dai gas di combustione, ha l'attività più elevata, seguito dal terzo campione e poi dal campione intermedio. In generale, a causa dei limiti di diffusione più bassi e della maggiore superficie disponibile, i catalizzatori in polvere sono risultati più reattivi dei rispettivi campioni in pellet o in lastrine.
Deactivation of V-based SCR catalysts in coal-fired power plants and waste incinerators
JUGGIAH, JESSICA SABRINA;LOTITO, ROBERTO
2023/2024
Abstract
Air pollution is considered the main environmental risk factor globally. One of the major pollutants of public health concern is nitrogen oxides (NOx). NOx can be dangerous to both human health and the environment, as they can cause respiratory system problems and lead to eutrophication and acidification. For this reason, strong policy efforts are being made to reduce them and minimize their emissions through various legislation. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is one of the main abatement technologies for stationary sources. This master's thesis aims to study the performance of a vanadium-based catalyst, used in SCR applications, in two different forms: three-foil pellets and honeycomb monolith. They are used in a waste incineration plant and a coal-fired power plant, respectively. In particular, for the catalysts in the incinerator, special attention will also be paid to their treatments undergone (washing, screening and the presence of liner). For the power plant, on the other hand, the focus will be on the relationship between the location of the monolithic catalyst in the plant and their performance. The catalysts were first studied chemically and physically, with BET and SEM-EDX analysis. Then characterization in terms of catalytic activity was performed. The catalytic test performed was the same for both types of catalysts, but a different temperature range and reagent concentrations were used. Regarding the waste incineration plant, the catalysts were studied in both pellet and powder form. The results show that the kinetic constants decrease with ageing of the catalysts. Among the various treatments undergone by these catalysts, namely: washing, screening and presence of liner, it seems that screening is the best in terms of kinetic performance. In contrast, washing and the presence of liner on the catalysts have been shown to have little effect on catalytic activity. However, washing, compared to the other treatments, allows the removal of impurities such as Na, Ca and Fe from the catalysts. As for coal-fired power plant catalyst samples, they have been studied in both slab and powder form. Their kinetic constant seems to depend on the location of the monolith in the plant. It results that the first sample, which is the first to be passed through by combustion gases, has the highest activity, followed by the third sample and then the intermediate sample. In general, due to the lower diffusion limits and larger available surface area, catalysts in powder form were found to be more reactive than their respective pellet or slab samples.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/230529