The introduction of genetic material into foreign cells through polymer delivery vehicles is called non-viral gene delivery. This process is gaining increasing attention because of its safety, in terms of cytotoxic and immunogenic effects, and transport capacity. Among all commercially available transfection vectors, branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa (bPEI25) is referred as the gold standard, thanks to its superior efficiency compared to other polymers. Vectors transfection efficiency depends on different factors, such as DNA complexation, cell surface binding and uptake, endosomal and lysosomal escape, localization in the nucleus, and vector unpacking. To improve their effectiveness, polymers could be chemically modified, and such modifications should affect most of the above-mentioned steps involved in the entire gene delivery process. Since lipids are the main component of cell membranes, polymer lipid substitution could promote hydrophobic interactions between polyplexes and cell membranes, facilitating the delivery of the payload into cells. As a matter of fact, aliphatic lipid substitution of PEI structure has already been investigated but the best chain length to obtain an optimized vector is still debated. Consequently, the aim of this thesis was to synthesize and characterize a library of lipidsubstituted branched PEI derivatives. Specifically, bPEI25 was functionalized with aliphatic monounsaturated lipids, such as hexanoic, lauric, and myristic acids at different degrees of functionalization. Results evidence that functionalized polymers are not cytotoxic, since the CT remains below the threshold line fixed at 30 % according to ISO 10993-5 standards. In terms of transfection efficiency (TE), no significant differences are evident among the synthesized products, apart from PEIC12- 7.16, which is a good candidate for future developments.
L'introduzione di materiale genetico in cellule estranee tramite vettori polimerici è chiamata trasporto genico non virale. Questo processo sta guadagnando sempre più attenzione per la sua sicurezza, in termini di effetti citotossici e immunogenici e capacità di trasporto. Tra tutti i vettori di trasfezione disponibili in commercio, il PEI ramificato con un peso molecolare di 25 kDa (bPEI25) è considerato il gold standard, grazie alla sua efficienza superiore rispetto ad altri polimeri. L'efficienza di trasfezione dei vettori dipende da diversi fattori, come la complessazione del DNA, il legame e l'assorbimento sulla superficie cellulare, la fuga endosomiale e lisosomiale, la localizzazione nel nucleo e la decomplessazione del vettore. Per migliorare la loro efficacia, i polimeri potrebbero essere modificati chimicamente e tali modifiche dovrebbero influenzare la maggior parte dei passaggi sopra menzionati coinvolti nell'intero processo di trasporto genico. Poiché i lipidi sono il componente principale delle membrane cellulari, la funzionalizzazione lipidica potrebbe promuovere interazioni idrofobiche tra poliplessi e membrane cellulari, facilitando la distribuzione del cargo nelle cellule. In effetti, la sostituzione dei lipidi alifatici della struttura PEI è già stata studiata, ma la lunghezza della catena migliore per ottenere un vettore ottimizzato è ancora dibattuta. Di conseguenza, lo scopo di questa tesi era sintetizzare e caratterizzare una libreria di derivati PEI ramificati sostituiti dai lipidi. In particolare, bPEI25 è stato funzionalizzato con lipidi monoinsaturi alifatici, come gli acidi esanoico, laurico e miristico a diversi gradi di funzionalizzazione. I risultati dimostrano che i polimeri funzionalizzati non sono citotossici, poiché la citotossicità rimane al di sotto della soglia fissata al 30 % secondo gli standard ISO 10993-5. In termini di efficienza di trasfezione (TE), non sono evidenti differenze significative tra i prodotti sintetizzati, a parte PEIC12-7.16, che è un buon candidato per sviluppi futuri.
Aliphatic lipid-modified 25 kDa bPEI as non-viral gene delivery vector: synthesis and characterization
SPAGNOL, GIULIA;Rigolino, Lucrezia
2023/2024
Abstract
The introduction of genetic material into foreign cells through polymer delivery vehicles is called non-viral gene delivery. This process is gaining increasing attention because of its safety, in terms of cytotoxic and immunogenic effects, and transport capacity. Among all commercially available transfection vectors, branched PEI with a molecular weight of 25 kDa (bPEI25) is referred as the gold standard, thanks to its superior efficiency compared to other polymers. Vectors transfection efficiency depends on different factors, such as DNA complexation, cell surface binding and uptake, endosomal and lysosomal escape, localization in the nucleus, and vector unpacking. To improve their effectiveness, polymers could be chemically modified, and such modifications should affect most of the above-mentioned steps involved in the entire gene delivery process. Since lipids are the main component of cell membranes, polymer lipid substitution could promote hydrophobic interactions between polyplexes and cell membranes, facilitating the delivery of the payload into cells. As a matter of fact, aliphatic lipid substitution of PEI structure has already been investigated but the best chain length to obtain an optimized vector is still debated. Consequently, the aim of this thesis was to synthesize and characterize a library of lipidsubstituted branched PEI derivatives. Specifically, bPEI25 was functionalized with aliphatic monounsaturated lipids, such as hexanoic, lauric, and myristic acids at different degrees of functionalization. Results evidence that functionalized polymers are not cytotoxic, since the CT remains below the threshold line fixed at 30 % according to ISO 10993-5 standards. In terms of transfection efficiency (TE), no significant differences are evident among the synthesized products, apart from PEIC12- 7.16, which is a good candidate for future developments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/230565