Parkinsonism is a syndrome characterized by the presence of four cardinal symptoms: bradykinesia (slowness of movements), resting tremor, rigidity and impaired postural reflex. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the most prevalent form of Parkinsonism, but other less common pathologies of the same family are Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), which are called Atypical Parkinsonism (APD). The clinical manifestations of PD, MSA, and PSP include a wide range of motor and non-motor symptoms that impact multiple aspects of patients' lives, significantly limiting social interactions and leading to social impairment. Patients suffering from these pathologies could present similar motor impairments from the early stages of the disease, primarily associated with postural instability and gait abnormalities. Differentiating these three pathologies represents an open challenge in clinic: due to the significant similarity in the motor manifestation of these diseases, the time necessary for gaining a definitive clinical diagnosis is greatly prolonged, also due to numerous instrumental tests the patients are subjected to, and the diagnostic criteria currently applied do not provide sufficient accuracy in the diagnosis, resulting in a significant delay in the identification of the correct therapeutical strategy. There is hence the necessity to support the differential diagnosis of these pathologies in a way that could increase diagnostic accuracy and decrease the time necessary for a definitive diagnosis. In this work, a simple, low-cost sensor-based motor protocol has been developed, together with a specific acquisition system, that will be used in the study I-Move at Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta”, for the identification of distinctive motor biomarkers among PD, MSA and PSP, requiring procedures that are part of the daily life activities of the patients or manoeuvres the patient is familiar with. In particular, the procedures requested are 10-meter walking test, Pull Test and Stand-Sit-Stand Transition. The complete description of the kinematic of the patient performing these procedures will be done by measuring some relevant parameters with three small inertial measurement units (IMUs), two attached to the lateral and posterior side of each foot and one to the lower back. In addition, an ad-hoc sensitive pad has been developed, equipped with 16 Force Sensing Resistors (FSRs), that will be placed on the seat of a chair and will be devoted to measuring the pressure distribution of the buttocks and thighs of the patients performing the Stand-Sit-Stand Transition. The entire acquisition can be managed through an ad-hoc GUI developed in Matlab, that aims to guide the procedure in the most simple and intuitive way possible. A first validation test has been performed, which aims to obtain a first indication of the accuracy of the newly developed acquisition system, comparing it with the optoelectronic system, which is the gold standard for motion analysis. Moreover, this first test could suggest which parameter extraction procedure needs future refinements. The results of the validation test revealed high accuracy of all the temporal parameters extracted by the three procedures, but also suggests refining, in future developments, the extraction procedure for spatial and angular parameters, since for some parameters the de-drifting procedure applied could not adequately correct integration drift. Nevertheless, the test demonstrated the simplicity and usability of the motor protocol and the entire acquisition system, which have been tested by expert neurologists too.
Il Parkinsonismo è una sindrome caratterizzata dalla presenza di quattro sintomi cardinali: bradicinesia (lentezza dei movimenti), tremore a riposo, rigidità e compromissione dei riflessi posturali. La Malattia di Parkinson (PD) è la forma più diffusa di Parkinsonismo, ma altre patologie meno comuni della stessa famiglia sono l'Atrofia Sistemica Multipla (MSA) e la Paralisi Sopranucleare Progressiva (PSP), che vengono chiamate Parkinsonismi Atipici (APD). Le manifestazioni cliniche di PD, MSA e PSP comprendono un'ampia gamma di sintomi motori e non motori che hanno un impatto su molteplici aspetti della vita quotidiana dei pazienti, limitando in modo significativo le interazioni sociali. I pazienti affetti da queste patologie possono presentare compromissioni motorie simili fin dalle prime fasi della malattia, principalmente associate a instabilità posturale e anomalie del camino. La diagnosi differenziale di queste tre patologie rappresenta una sfida aperta in clinica: a causa della significativa somiglianza nelle manifestazioni motorie, il tempo necessario per ottenere una diagnosi definitiva è notevolmente lungo, anche a causa dei numerosi esami strumentali a cui i pazienti vengono sottoposti, e i criteri diagnostici attualmente applicati non forniscono una sufficiente accuratezza nella diagnosi, con conseguente notevole ritardo nell'identificazione della corretta strategia terapeutica. Vi è quindi la necessità di supportare la diagnosi differenziale di queste patologie in modo da aumentare l'accuratezza diagnostica e diminuire il tempo necessario per una diagnosi definitiva. In questa tesi è stato sviluppato un protocollo motorio semplice e a basso costo che richiede l’utilizzo di piccoli sensori, insieme a uno specifico sistema di acquisizione, che sarà utilizzato nello studio I-Move dell'Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta”, per l'identificazione di biomarcatori motori differenziali tra PD, MSA e PSP, richiedendo procedure che fanno parte delle attività della vita quotidiana dei pazienti o manovre con cui il paziente ha familiarità. In particolare, le procedure richieste sono il 10 meter walking test, il Pull Test e la Stand-Sit-Stand Transition. La descrizione completa della cinematica del paziente che esegue queste procedure sarà effettuata misurando alcuni parametri con tre IMU, due attaccati sulla parte laterale e posteriore di ciascun piede e uno a livello lombare. Inoltre, è stato sviluppato un cuscinetto sensorizzato, dotato di 16 Force Sensing Resistors (FSR), che verrà posizionato sulla seduta di una sedia e misurerà la distribuzione pressoria dei glutei e delle cosce dei pazienti che eseguono la Stand-Sit-Stand Transition. L'intera acquisizione viene gestita attraverso un'apposita GUI sviluppata in Matlab, che mira a guidare la procedura nel modo più semplice e intuitivo possibile. È stato eseguito un primo test di validazione, che ha come obiettivo quello di ottenere una prima indicazione sull'accuratezza del nuovo sistema di acquisizione, confrontandolo con il sistema optoelettronico, il gold standard per l’analisi del movimento. Inoltre, questo primo test potrebbe suggerire se alcune procedure di estrazione dei parametri necessitano di futuri miglioramenti. I risultati del test di validazione hanno rivelato un'elevata accuratezza di tutti i parametri temporali estratti dalle tre procedure, ma suggeriscono anche di affinare, in sviluppi futuri, la procedura di estrazione dei parametri spaziali e angolari, poiché per alcuni parametri la procedura di de-drifting applicata non è riuscita a correggere adeguatamente il drift. Tuttavia, il test ha dimostrato la semplicità e l'usabilità del protocollo motorio e dell'intero sistema di acquisizione, che sono stati testati anche da neurologi esperti.
A novel sensor-based protocol and acquisition system for the identification of motor biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy
Stefanutti, Riccardo
2023/2024
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a syndrome characterized by the presence of four cardinal symptoms: bradykinesia (slowness of movements), resting tremor, rigidity and impaired postural reflex. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the most prevalent form of Parkinsonism, but other less common pathologies of the same family are Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), which are called Atypical Parkinsonism (APD). The clinical manifestations of PD, MSA, and PSP include a wide range of motor and non-motor symptoms that impact multiple aspects of patients' lives, significantly limiting social interactions and leading to social impairment. Patients suffering from these pathologies could present similar motor impairments from the early stages of the disease, primarily associated with postural instability and gait abnormalities. Differentiating these three pathologies represents an open challenge in clinic: due to the significant similarity in the motor manifestation of these diseases, the time necessary for gaining a definitive clinical diagnosis is greatly prolonged, also due to numerous instrumental tests the patients are subjected to, and the diagnostic criteria currently applied do not provide sufficient accuracy in the diagnosis, resulting in a significant delay in the identification of the correct therapeutical strategy. There is hence the necessity to support the differential diagnosis of these pathologies in a way that could increase diagnostic accuracy and decrease the time necessary for a definitive diagnosis. In this work, a simple, low-cost sensor-based motor protocol has been developed, together with a specific acquisition system, that will be used in the study I-Move at Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta”, for the identification of distinctive motor biomarkers among PD, MSA and PSP, requiring procedures that are part of the daily life activities of the patients or manoeuvres the patient is familiar with. In particular, the procedures requested are 10-meter walking test, Pull Test and Stand-Sit-Stand Transition. The complete description of the kinematic of the patient performing these procedures will be done by measuring some relevant parameters with three small inertial measurement units (IMUs), two attached to the lateral and posterior side of each foot and one to the lower back. In addition, an ad-hoc sensitive pad has been developed, equipped with 16 Force Sensing Resistors (FSRs), that will be placed on the seat of a chair and will be devoted to measuring the pressure distribution of the buttocks and thighs of the patients performing the Stand-Sit-Stand Transition. The entire acquisition can be managed through an ad-hoc GUI developed in Matlab, that aims to guide the procedure in the most simple and intuitive way possible. A first validation test has been performed, which aims to obtain a first indication of the accuracy of the newly developed acquisition system, comparing it with the optoelectronic system, which is the gold standard for motion analysis. Moreover, this first test could suggest which parameter extraction procedure needs future refinements. The results of the validation test revealed high accuracy of all the temporal parameters extracted by the three procedures, but also suggests refining, in future developments, the extraction procedure for spatial and angular parameters, since for some parameters the de-drifting procedure applied could not adequately correct integration drift. Nevertheless, the test demonstrated the simplicity and usability of the motor protocol and the entire acquisition system, which have been tested by expert neurologists too.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/230686