This thesis explores the role of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in advancing the energy transition within emerging markets, focusing on the case study of Enel Group's operations in Colombia. The analysis is rooted in the motivations driving MNE internationalization, particularly in developing countries, where such firms bring valuable technological and organizational assets essential for local infrastructure improvement and sustainable growth. The study draws on Dunning’s OLI paradigm to understand the strategic motivations behind Enel's entry into the Colombian market through the acquisition of Endesa, a move that allowed Enel to access the Latin American energy sector efficiently. Enel’s expansion aligns with the OLI framework by leveraging Ownership (proprietary technology and organizational structure), Location (Colombia’s natural resources and regulatory support for foreign investment), and Internalization advantages. Using a mixed-method approach, the thesis integrates quantitative data from Enel’s sustainability reports and International Energy Agency metrics, along with qualitative insights from interviews and a questionnaire conducted at Enel Colombia. The research evaluates Enel’s impact on Colombia's national energy stability, environmental sustainability, and knowledge creation and dissemination. Enel’s investments in renewable energy projects, such as the El Quimbo hydroelectric plant and the El Paso solar park, are analyzed to assess their contribution to Colombia’s energy resilience, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and progress toward the country’s carbon neutrality goals. The findings reveal that Enel’s activities have led to a 39% increase in its electricity generation from 2010 to 2023, contributing to national energy stability and reducing import dependency. Enel’s commitment to environmental sustainability is demonstrated by a strategic shift towards renewable energy sources, supported by divestments in fossil fuel assets and the company’s goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2040. Furthermore, Enel’s knowledge transfer initiatives, which include partnerships with local universities and proprietary innovations, have fostered skill development and innovation within Colombia's energy sector. Despite these achievements, the study also identifies challenges related to social acceptance, particularly in indigenous areas, highlighting the need for inclusive approaches in renewable energy projects. Overall, the thesis underscores the transformative potential of MNEs in emerging markets, showing that Enel’s balanced approach of economic, environmental, and social considerations has fostered sustainable development in Colombia, while also presenting a model for other MNEs engaged in the global energy transition.
Questa tesi esplora il ruolo delle imprese multinazionali (MNE) nella promozione della transizione energetica nei mercati emergenti, con un focus sul caso delle operazioni del Gruppo Enel in Colombia. L'analisi si basa sulle motivazioni che guidano l'internazionalizzazione delle MNE, in particolare nei paesi in via di sviluppo, dove queste aziende apportano preziosi asset tecnologici e organizzativi essenziali per il miglioramento delle infrastrutture locali e la crescita sostenibile. Lo studio si avvale del paradigma OLI di Dunning per comprendere le motivazioni strategiche che hanno portato Enel ad entrare nel mercato colombiano tramite l’acquisizione di Endesa, una mossa che ha permesso a Enel di accedere in modo efficiente al settore energetico latino-americano. L’espansione di Enel si allinea con il modello OLI sfruttando i vantaggi di Ownership (tecnologia proprietaria e struttura organizzativa), Location (risorse naturali della Colombia e supporto normativo per gli investimenti esteri) e Internalization. Utilizzando un approccio misto, la tesi integra dati quantitativi tratti dai rapporti di sostenibilità di Enel e metriche dell'Agenzia Internazionale dell'Energia, insieme a intuizioni qualitative derivate da interviste e questionari condotti presso Enel Colombia. La ricerca valuta l'impatto di Enel sulla stabilità energetica nazionale della Colombia, sulla sostenibilità ambientale, e sulla creazione e diffusione della conoscenza. Gli investimenti di Enel in progetti di energia rinnovabile, come l’impianto idroelettrico di El Quimbo e il parco solare di El Paso, vengono analizzati per valutare il loro contributo alla resilienza energetica della Colombia, alla riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra e ai progressi verso gli obiettivi di neutralità carbonica del paese. I risultati rivelano che le attività di Enel hanno portato a un aumento del 39% della sua produzione di elettricità dal 2010 al 2023, contribuendo alla stabilità energetica nazionale e riducendo la dipendenza dalle importazioni. L'impegno di Enel per la sostenibilità ambientale è dimostrato da un orientamento strategico verso le fonti di energia rinnovabile, sostenuto da disinvestimenti in attività legate ai combustibili fossili e dall'obiettivo dell'azienda di raggiungere zero emissioni nette entro il 2040. Inoltre, le iniziative di trasferimento della conoscenza di Enel, che includono partnership con università locali e innovazioni proprietarie, hanno favorito lo sviluppo di competenze e l'innovazione nel settore energetico colombiano. Nonostante questi risultati, lo studio identifica anche delle sfide legate all'accettazione sociale, in particolare nelle aree indigene, evidenziando la necessità di approcci inclusivi nei progetti di energia rinnovabile. Complessivamente, la tesi sottolinea il potenziale trasformativo delle MNE nei mercati emergenti, mostrando come l'approccio bilanciato di Enel tra considerazioni economiche, ambientali e sociali abbia promosso uno sviluppo sostenibile in Colombia, rappresentando anche un modello per altre MNE impegnate nella transizione energetica globale.
The role of ENEL in powering Colombia's future
Cornacchia, Lisa
2023/2024
Abstract
This thesis explores the role of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in advancing the energy transition within emerging markets, focusing on the case study of Enel Group's operations in Colombia. The analysis is rooted in the motivations driving MNE internationalization, particularly in developing countries, where such firms bring valuable technological and organizational assets essential for local infrastructure improvement and sustainable growth. The study draws on Dunning’s OLI paradigm to understand the strategic motivations behind Enel's entry into the Colombian market through the acquisition of Endesa, a move that allowed Enel to access the Latin American energy sector efficiently. Enel’s expansion aligns with the OLI framework by leveraging Ownership (proprietary technology and organizational structure), Location (Colombia’s natural resources and regulatory support for foreign investment), and Internalization advantages. Using a mixed-method approach, the thesis integrates quantitative data from Enel’s sustainability reports and International Energy Agency metrics, along with qualitative insights from interviews and a questionnaire conducted at Enel Colombia. The research evaluates Enel’s impact on Colombia's national energy stability, environmental sustainability, and knowledge creation and dissemination. Enel’s investments in renewable energy projects, such as the El Quimbo hydroelectric plant and the El Paso solar park, are analyzed to assess their contribution to Colombia’s energy resilience, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and progress toward the country’s carbon neutrality goals. The findings reveal that Enel’s activities have led to a 39% increase in its electricity generation from 2010 to 2023, contributing to national energy stability and reducing import dependency. Enel’s commitment to environmental sustainability is demonstrated by a strategic shift towards renewable energy sources, supported by divestments in fossil fuel assets and the company’s goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2040. Furthermore, Enel’s knowledge transfer initiatives, which include partnerships with local universities and proprietary innovations, have fostered skill development and innovation within Colombia's energy sector. Despite these achievements, the study also identifies challenges related to social acceptance, particularly in indigenous areas, highlighting the need for inclusive approaches in renewable energy projects. Overall, the thesis underscores the transformative potential of MNEs in emerging markets, showing that Enel’s balanced approach of economic, environmental, and social considerations has fostered sustainable development in Colombia, while also presenting a model for other MNEs engaged in the global energy transition.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_12_Cornacchia_Tesi.pdf
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2024_12_Cornacchia_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/230815