This study aimed to conduct a techno-economic analysis of possible revamping solutions applicable to the classical biodiesel biorefinery to enhance productivity, improve economic feasibility, and achieve zero-waste production. The simulation of the standard plant that produces biodiesel from virgin vegetable oil through the employment of a homogeneous alkaline catalyst enlightened how the high prices of the feedstock make this process prohibitive. Introducing a co-solvent in the reaction step improves process economy by increasing the conversion, but this upgrade alone is insufficient to make the process economically feasible. The only effective solution to make biodiesel competitive with fossil fuels was to substitute the feed with waste cooking oil, a discard of the food industries; WCO requires an acid pretreatment before entering the process, which increases the capital and operative expenses, but on the other hand, it reduces the raw material costs by 55-65%. Due to the low market demand compared with the increase in production, crude glycerol co-produced in biodiesel plants is the most abundant waste of the process. The technology in which crude glycerol is recycled for the pretreatment of WCO through the glycerolysis reaction was demonstrated to be a superior solution for cutting biodiesel production expenses and valorizing a discard at the same time. Another by-product of the process is the inorganic salts generated during glycerol purification, which are usually sold as fertilizers. These solids can be recycled in biodiesel production as heterogeneous catalysts which can promote both the transesterification of triglycerides and the esterification of FFA. This configuration proved to be the simplest and the most economically advantageous, but it produced the largest amount of waste.
Questo studio mira a condurre un’analisi tecnico-economica di possibili soluzioni di revamping applicabili alla classica bioraffineria di biodiesel, con il fine di aumentarne la produttività, migliorarne la sostenibilità economica e raggiungere una produzione “zero-waste”. La simulazione dell’impianto standard, che produce biodiesel da olio vegetale vergine utilizzando un catalizzatore alcalino omogeneo, ha evidenziato come i costi delle materie prime rendano questo processo proibitivo. L’introduzione di un co-solvente nell’ambiente di reazione aumenta la conversione, migliorando l’economia del processo, ma questo upgrade da solo non è sufficiente a rendere il processo economicamente sostenibile. L’unica soluzione efficace per rendere il biodiesel competitivo con i combustibili fossili è stata la sostituzione del feed con olio esausto di frittura, uno scarto dell’industria alimentare. L’olio esausto richiede un pretrattamento acido prima di poter entrare nel processo, il quale aumenta la spesa capitale e operativa, ma riduce i costi delle materie prime del 55-65%. A causa della bassa domanda di mercato rispetto all’aumento della produzione, il glicerolo grezzo co-prodotto negli impianti di biodiesel risulta essere il rifiuto più abbondante del processo. La tecnologia in cui il glicerolo grezzo viene riciclato per il pretrattamento dell’acidità dell’olio esausto attraverso la reazione di glicerolisi si è dimostrata una soluzione superiore per ridurre i costi di produzione e allo stesso tempo valorizzare uno scarto. Un altro sottoprodotto comune del processo sono i sali inorganici generati durante la purificazione del glicerolo, che vengono solitamente venduti come fertilizzanti. Questi solidi possono essere riciclati nella produzione di biodiesel come catalizzatori eterogenei, in grado di promuovere sia la transesterificazione dei trigliceridi, che l’esterificazione degli acidi grassi liberi. Questa configurazione si è rivelata la più semplice ed economicamente vantaggiosa, ma produce la quantità maggiore di rifiuti.
Sustainable process design and optimization strategies to achieve the zero-waste concept in biodiesel biorefineries
MALVESTITI, LUCA
2023/2024
Abstract
This study aimed to conduct a techno-economic analysis of possible revamping solutions applicable to the classical biodiesel biorefinery to enhance productivity, improve economic feasibility, and achieve zero-waste production. The simulation of the standard plant that produces biodiesel from virgin vegetable oil through the employment of a homogeneous alkaline catalyst enlightened how the high prices of the feedstock make this process prohibitive. Introducing a co-solvent in the reaction step improves process economy by increasing the conversion, but this upgrade alone is insufficient to make the process economically feasible. The only effective solution to make biodiesel competitive with fossil fuels was to substitute the feed with waste cooking oil, a discard of the food industries; WCO requires an acid pretreatment before entering the process, which increases the capital and operative expenses, but on the other hand, it reduces the raw material costs by 55-65%. Due to the low market demand compared with the increase in production, crude glycerol co-produced in biodiesel plants is the most abundant waste of the process. The technology in which crude glycerol is recycled for the pretreatment of WCO through the glycerolysis reaction was demonstrated to be a superior solution for cutting biodiesel production expenses and valorizing a discard at the same time. Another by-product of the process is the inorganic salts generated during glycerol purification, which are usually sold as fertilizers. These solids can be recycled in biodiesel production as heterogeneous catalysts which can promote both the transesterification of triglycerides and the esterification of FFA. This configuration proved to be the simplest and the most economically advantageous, but it produced the largest amount of waste.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_12_Malvestiti_ExecutiveSummary.pdf
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2024_12_Malvestiti.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/231019