In recent years, matters related to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change have grown in importance. With deadlines in 2030 and 2050, the European Union has set increasingly stringent targets, like the ambitious goal of becoming the first continent to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, in an attempt to combat these occurrences. The global energy landscape has seen significant changes as a result of the continuing energy transition. Renewable sources, particularly wind and solar power, and more generally, significant electrification of consumption, are gaining increasing traction in the national energy sector. In this scenario, pumped-storage hydroelectric plants are strongly regaining importance. They can be used to support the penetration of non-programmable renewable sources and also for the possibility of providing ancillary services, at medium and high voltage, to balance an electricity grid increasingly strained by small and decentralized plants. The aim of the thesis is to assess the feasibility of integrating pumped storage into an existing complex hydroelectric plant. It will evaluate how this could affect the plant performance and the benefits it could bring, not only from an energy point of view, but also from an economic one. The actual feasibility of such an investment will also be assessed. Using the hydrology and production data of the plant between 2017 and 2021, along with the electricity price data for the same period, the energy produced, and the profits generated were calculated as if a pumped-storage hydroelectric plant had been in place instead of the existing traditional one. Since this is a retrospective analysis, three constraints must be met to perform pumping operations: one linked to the hourly daily trend of electricity prices and two related to the available capacity of the upper and lower reservoirs. The pump that could be integrated into the plant has also been sized. Through an NPV analysis, the level of remuneration needed for the capacity provided for ancillary services was determined to ensure the investment does not result in a loss. At the end, through LCOS and the avoided CO2 emissions, the environmental impact of the plant was found.
Le tematiche riguardanti il cambiamento climatico e l’emissione di gas a effetto serra sono diventato sempre più significative negli ultimi anni. Per cercare di contrastare questi fenomeni l’Unione Europea ha messo in atto degli obiettivi, con data di scadenza al 2030 e al 2050, sempre più stringenti, basti pensare quanto ambizioso sia il target prefissato di diventare il primo continente a neutralità carbonica entro il 2050. Ciò ha portato alla transizione energetica attualmente in atto con forti cambiamenti nel panorama energetico mondiale. Le fonti rinnovabili, in particolar modo eolico e fotovoltaico, e in generale un importante elettrificazione dei consumi, stanno prendendo sempre più piede nel settore energetico nazionale. In questo scenario tornano fortemente in auge gli impianti idroelettrici con pompaggio. Essi possono essere utilizzati come supporto alla penetrazione delle fonti rinnovabili non programmabili e anche per la possibilità di fornire servizi ancillari, in media e alta tensione, per il bilanciamento di una rete elettrica sempre più costretta a sostenere piccoli impianti decentralizzati. Obiettivo della tesi è quello di valutare la possibilità di inserire il pompaggio in un impianto idroelettrico articolato già esistente. Valutare come questo possa inficiare le prestazioni dell’impianto e i benefici che può portare, non solo da un punto di vista energetico ma anche economico. Verrà infatti anche valutate l’effettiva fattibilità di un investimento di questo tipo. Tramite l’idrologia e i dati di produzione dell’impianto tra il 2017 e il 2021, insieme con quelli relativi al prezzo dell’energia elettrica dello stesso lasso temporale, è stato calcolato l’energia prodotta e i profitti generati se in quegli anni ci fosse stato un impianto idroelettrico con pompaggio al posto di quello tradizionale già esistente. Essendo un’analisi a posteriori, per potere effettuare le operazioni di pompaggio è necessario rispettare tre vincoli, uno legato all’andamento giornaliero orario del prezzo dell’energia elettrica e due legati alla capacità disponibile dei bacini di monte e di valle. È stata poi dimensionata la pompa che si potrebbe inserire all’interno dell’impianto. Tramite un’analisi dell’NPV è stato trovato di quanto deve essere la remunerazione per la capacità resa disponibile per i servizi ancillari affinché l’investimento sia remunerativo. Infine, tramite l’LCOS e le emissioni di CO2 evitata si è verificato l’impatto ambientale dell’impianto.
Turning a small hydropower plant into a small pumped-storage power plant: economic opportunities and technical challenges
Arrigoni, Gianluca
2023/2024
Abstract
In recent years, matters related to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change have grown in importance. With deadlines in 2030 and 2050, the European Union has set increasingly stringent targets, like the ambitious goal of becoming the first continent to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, in an attempt to combat these occurrences. The global energy landscape has seen significant changes as a result of the continuing energy transition. Renewable sources, particularly wind and solar power, and more generally, significant electrification of consumption, are gaining increasing traction in the national energy sector. In this scenario, pumped-storage hydroelectric plants are strongly regaining importance. They can be used to support the penetration of non-programmable renewable sources and also for the possibility of providing ancillary services, at medium and high voltage, to balance an electricity grid increasingly strained by small and decentralized plants. The aim of the thesis is to assess the feasibility of integrating pumped storage into an existing complex hydroelectric plant. It will evaluate how this could affect the plant performance and the benefits it could bring, not only from an energy point of view, but also from an economic one. The actual feasibility of such an investment will also be assessed. Using the hydrology and production data of the plant between 2017 and 2021, along with the electricity price data for the same period, the energy produced, and the profits generated were calculated as if a pumped-storage hydroelectric plant had been in place instead of the existing traditional one. Since this is a retrospective analysis, three constraints must be met to perform pumping operations: one linked to the hourly daily trend of electricity prices and two related to the available capacity of the upper and lower reservoirs. The pump that could be integrated into the plant has also been sized. Through an NPV analysis, the level of remuneration needed for the capacity provided for ancillary services was determined to ensure the investment does not result in a loss. At the end, through LCOS and the avoided CO2 emissions, the environmental impact of the plant was found.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/231040