Objective of this thesis is the exploration of the topic of disused healthcare structures – specifically modernist sanatoria, as part of forgotten sylvan landscapes, and their possible (re)use today. Main themes relate to adaptive reuse in architecture, cultural memory, building and natural context and design actions towards building with respect, notions of community, cure and care. Being one of the main facilities for tuberculosis treatment in Southeast Europe in the early 20th century, the Brestovac Sanatorium in Zagreb embodied key architectural principles of Modernism; as the latter “aspired to establish a new relationship between buildings, their inhabitants and nature; its connection to the landscape was to be found “in the old virtues of sun, sky, greenery, shelter, and space.” (Geddes, 1974, as cited in Kousidi, 2021). The design approach to the Brestovac Sanatorium could be described as strictly utilitarian, situating buildings in a picturesque forest environment. Constructed in 1909, architectural expression draws similarities to “the formalism of the neoclassical hotel, typical of alpine resorts.” (Lüthi, 2005) Later on, “sanatorium structure split off toward a functional architecture design exclusively for the needs of cure.” (Lüthi, 2005) The existing buildings comprising the Brestovac Sanatorium featured Modernist architectural elements such as porticoed galleries, open terraces, and everyday functional objects as ornaments. Horizontality and simplicity prevailed in the expression of the buildings. Using the surviving Brestovac Sanatorium building (male ward) as the main object of the design intervention, the project aims, through strategies of adaptive reuse, to preserve and enhance the aforementioned architectural characteristics in association with the natural surroundings. Aim of the project is to address the increasing issue of deteriorating building stock, through design interventions, not only for economic and environmental reasons but also for cultural ones. The latter topic – how design can honour and preserve cultural memory whilst transforming the former complex is the main thesis exploration. Why we could determine the Brestovac area as highly fragile and complex, is its perception in the eyes of the local population of Zagreb. Ruinous as it is, it is a testament of a major historical period in Croatia, marked by significant changes in medicine, the biological sciences, and healthcare architecture at large. It put Croatia, then still part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on the map next to countries like Germany, Switzerland, France and Italy, as one of the leading progressive nations in the battle against tuberculosis. In addition, the remaining Sanatorium structures evoke memories of the past and are charged with emotions of place. Being part of a community located in the middle of the Medvednica forest gave people a sense of belonging and meaning. Many former employees and residents, through their collective recollection, can reflect on the original site and its buildings with fondness and nostalgia. Repurposing an architectural site involves creating a tangible connection to its historical, immaterial origins. This intentional approach not only establishes a discernible relationship with the building and its immediate surroundings but also extends to the societal context that contributed to its construction. Fred Scott sees adaptive reuse as a creative, ongoing engagement with buildings, treating them as entities capable of growth and transformation rather than as historical artifacts. He suggests that reusing a building should do more than simply preserve its structure, advocating for a process that honours the building’s past while also envisioning new purposes for it. Scott’s perspective combines a respect for heritage with a willingness to introduce inventive, sometimes unconventional elements, distinguishing his approach from traditional conservation – the thoughtful integration of the past into the evolving present, encouraging a dynamic relationship between history and contemporary architectural expression. By allowing original features and new functions to coexist in a dynamic interplay, Scott argues that adaptive reuse can enrich a building’s story and keep it relevant to modern contexts. Beyond the preexistent buildings, the forest context and natural surroundings also pose a unique design challenge that extends beyond the physical characteristics of the place. The former Sanatorium is located in a nature park, whose rich history needs to serve as principal guideline for the design, along with the specific guidelines for the future programmatic possibilities of the site. Rooted in the historical ethos of community, care, and healing, the proposed architectural redevelopment aims to preserve this legacy by reimagining the site as a community-based healthcare centre: a collaborative residence designed to support independent living for residents over sixty and welcome temporary visitors. This senior housing model transcends conventional residential frameworks by offering not only accommodation but also a community centre for local residents, fostering a sense of belonging and connection. Robert Geddes, in the magazine Progressive Architecture, explores architecture as an integral element of the larger social and environmental system, advocating for architecture that harmonises with its surroundings while supporting sustainable, community-centred spaces. In his article, The Nature of the Built Environment, three distinct relationships between buildings and their surrounding landscapes are identified; the first considers architecture as formally independent from the landscape, using the natural context as a complementary or contrasting backdrop. The second envisions architecture and landscape as a continuous entity, erasing clear boundaries between built form and nature. The third proposes a reciprocal relationship, where architecture and landscape actively modify one another, forming a cohesive geometric and formal unity. His perspective emphasises the role of design in enhancing both social cohesion and environmental stewardship, urging architects to go beyond aesthetic considerations and embrace structures that support ecological equilibrium and well-being. Seeking to draw from the residents’ connection with the forest and each other, the concept focuses on enhancing the relationship between interior and exterior spaces through transparency and the celebration of communal areas, creating an inviting environment for residents, their families, and the broader community. Multigenerational spaces and services embedded within a natural, restorative setting are integral to mitigating challenges often associated with aging, such as vulnerability, loneliness, and social isolation. Termed a “collaborative residence for longevity,” (Verdino, 2024) the design places a strong emphasis on encouraging intergenerational socialisation, a key factor for enhancing long-term well-being. Located in the mountainous region, the project resonates with the philosophy of nature as a source of healing, incorporating the surrounding landscape into the therapeutic experience. Amenities within the complex are accessible to both residents and visitors, enriching the communal atmosphere and overall quality of life. The architectural intervention pays homage to the original building’s physical and spatial qualities— including functional hierarchies, scenic views, bioclimatic considerations, and connections to the forest— thereby laying the groundwork for revitalised, health-oriented spaces that honour its past while serving as a supportive resource for the local community.
Obiettivo di questa tesi è l’esplorazione del tema delle strutture sanitarie dismesse - nello specifico i sanatori modernisti - come parte di paesaggi silvani dimenticati, e il loro possibile (ri)utilizzo oggi. I temi principali riguardano il riuso adattivo in architettura, la memoria culturale, l’edificio e il contesto naturale e le azioni progettuali per costruire con rispetto, le nozioni di comunità, cura e assistenza. Essendo una delle principali strutture per la cura della tubercolosi nell’Europa sudorientale all’inizio del XX secolo, il Sanatorio di Brestovac a Zagabria incarnava i principi architettonici chiave del Modernismo; quest’ultimo “aspirava a stabilire un nuovo rapporto tra gli edifici, i loro abitanti e la natura; il suo legame con il paesaggio era da ricercare ‘nelle vecchie virtù del sole, del cielo, del verde, del riparo e dello spazio’”. (Geddes, 1974, citato in Kousidi, 2021). L’approccio progettuale del sanatorio di Brestovac potrebbe essere descritto come strettamente utilitaristico, con la collocazione degli edifici in un pittoresco ambiente forestale. Costruito nel 1909, l’espressione architettonica richiama “il formalismo dell’albergo neoclassico, tipico delle località alpine”. (Lüthi, 2005) In seguito, “la struttura del sanatorio si è separata verso un’architettura funzionale progettata esclusivamente per le esigenze di cura”. (Lüthi, 2005) Gli edifici esistenti del sanatorio di Brestovac presentavano elementi architettonici modernisti come gallerie porticate, terrazze aperte e oggetti funzionali di uso quotidiano come ornamenti. L’orizzontalità e la semplicità prevalevano nell’espressione degli edifici. Utilizzando l’edificio superstite del Sanatorio di Brestovac (reparto maschile) come oggetto principale dell’intervento progettuale, il progetto mira, attraverso strategie di riuso adattativo, a preservare e valorizzare le caratteristiche architettoniche sopra citate in associazione con l’ambiente naturale circostante. L’obiettivo del progetto è quello di affrontare il crescente problema del degrado del patrimonio edilizio, attraverso interventi di design, non solo per ragioni economiche e ambientali, ma anche culturali. Quest’ultimo tema - come il design può onorare e preservare la memoria culturale trasformando al contempo il complesso precedente - è l’esplorazione principale della tesi. Il motivo per cui potremmo definire l’area di Brestovac altamente fragile e complessa è la sua percezione agli occhi della popolazione locale di Zagabria. Per quanto in rovina, è la testimonianza di un importante periodo storico in Croazia, segnato da significativi cambiamenti nella medicina, nelle scienze biologiche e nell’architettura sanitaria in generale. La Croazia, che all’epoca faceva ancora parte dell’Impero austro-ungarico, è stata inserita nella mappa, accanto a Paesi come la Germania, la Svizzera, la Francia e l’Italia, come una delle nazioni più avanzate nella lotta contro la tubercolosi. Inoltre, le strutture del Sanatorio rimaste evocano ricordi del passato e sono cariche di emozioni legate al luogo. Far parte di una comunità situata nel mezzo della foresta di Medvednica dava alle persone un senso di appartenenza e di significato. Molti ex dipendenti e residenti, grazie alla loro memoria collettiva, possono riflettere sul sito originale e sui suoi edifici con affetto e nostalgia. La riqualificazione di un sito architettonico implica la creazione di un legame tangibile con le sue origini storiche e immateriali. Questo approccio intenzionale non solo stabilisce una relazione percepibile con l’edificio e i suoi immediati dintorni, ma si estende anche al contesto sociale che ha contribuito alla sua costruzione. Fred Scott vede il riuso adattivo come un impegno creativo e continuo con gli edifici, trattandoli come entità capaci di crescere e trasformarsi piuttosto che come artefatti storici. Egli suggerisce che il riuso di un edificio dovrebbe fare di più che preservarne semplicemente la struttura, sostenendo un processo che onora il passato dell’edificio e allo stesso tempo ne immagina nuovi scopi. La prospettiva di Scott combina il rispetto per il patrimonio con la volontà di introdurre elementi inventivi e talvolta non convenzionali, distinguendo il suo approccio dalla conservazione tradizionale: l’integrazione ponderata del passato nel presente in evoluzione, incoraggiando un rapporto dinamico tra storia ed espressione architettonica contemporanea. Permettendo alle caratteristiche originali e alle nuove funzioni di coesistere in un’interazione dinamica, Scott sostiene che il riuso adattivo può arricchire la storia di un edificio e mantenerlo rilevante per i contesti moderni. Oltre agli edifici preesistenti, anche il contesto forestale e l’ambiente naturale circostante rappresentano una sfida progettuale unica che va oltre le caratteristiche fisiche del luogo. L’ex sanatorio si trova in un parco naturale, la cui ricca storia deve servire da linea guida principale per la progettazione, insieme alle linee guida specifiche per le future possibilità programmatiche del sito. Radicata nell’etica storica della comunità, della cura e della guarigione, la riqualificazione architettonica proposta mira a preservare questa eredità reimmaginando il sito come un centro sanitario basato sulla comunità: una residenza collaborativa progettata per sostenere una vita indipendente per i residenti ultrasessantenni e accogliere i visitatori temporanei. Questo modello abitativo per anziani trascende le strutture residenziali convenzionali offrendo non solo un alloggio ma anche un centro comunitario per i residenti locali, favorendo un senso di appartenenza e di connessione. Robert Geddes, nella rivista Progressive Architecture, esplora l’architettura come elemento integrante di un sistema sociale e ambientale più ampio, sostenendo un’architettura che si armonizzi con l’ambiente circostante e che sostenga spazi sostenibili e incentrati sulla comunità. Nel suo articolo, The Nature of the Built Environment (La natura dell’ambiente costruito), vengono identificate tre distinte relazioni tra gli edifici e i paesaggi circostanti; la prima considera l’architettura come formalmente indipendente dal paesaggio, utilizzando il contesto naturale come sfondo complementare o di contrasto. La seconda immagina l’architettura e il paesaggio come un’entità continua, cancellando i confini netti tra forma costruita e natura. La terza propone una relazione reciproca, in cui architettura e paesaggio si modificano attivamente a vicenda, formando un’unità geometrica e formale coesa. La sua prospettiva enfatizza il ruolo della progettazione nel migliorare la coesione sociale e la gestione dell’ambiente, esortando gli architetti ad andare oltre le considerazioni estetiche e ad abbracciare strutture che supportino l’equilibrio e il benessere ecologico. Cercando di trarre spunto dal legame dei residenti con la foresta e tra di loro, il progetto si concentra sul miglioramento del rapporto tra spazi interni ed esterni attraverso la trasparenza e la celebrazione di aree comuni, creando un ambiente invitante per i residenti, le loro famiglie e la comunità in generale. Gli spazi e i servizi multigenerazionali inseriti in un contesto naturale e rigenerante sono parte integrante della riduzione delle sfide spesso associate all’invecchiamento, come la vulnerabilità, la solitudine e l’isolamento sociale. Definita una “residenza collaborativa per la longevità” (Verdino, 2024), il progetto pone una forte enfasi sull’incoraggiamento della socializzazione intergenerazionale, un fattore chiave per migliorare il benessere a lungo termine. Situato in una regione montuosa, il progetto risuona con la filosofia della natura come fonte di guarigione, incorporando il paesaggio circostante nell’esperienza terapeutica. I servizi all’interno del complesso sono accessibili sia ai residenti che ai visitatori, arricchendo l’atmosfera comunitaria e la qualità di vita complessiva. L’intervento architettonico rende omaggio alle qualità fisiche e spaziali dell’edificio originale - comprese le gerarchie funzionali, le viste panoramiche, le considerazioni bioclimatiche e i collegamenti con la foresta - ponendo così le basi per spazi rivitalizzati e orientati alla salute, che onorano il suo passato e al contempo fungono da risorsa di supporto per la comunità locale.
Out of the woods: revitalisation of Sanatorium Brestovac into a new community and care centre
Danicic, Kristina
2023/2024
Abstract
Objective of this thesis is the exploration of the topic of disused healthcare structures – specifically modernist sanatoria, as part of forgotten sylvan landscapes, and their possible (re)use today. Main themes relate to adaptive reuse in architecture, cultural memory, building and natural context and design actions towards building with respect, notions of community, cure and care. Being one of the main facilities for tuberculosis treatment in Southeast Europe in the early 20th century, the Brestovac Sanatorium in Zagreb embodied key architectural principles of Modernism; as the latter “aspired to establish a new relationship between buildings, their inhabitants and nature; its connection to the landscape was to be found “in the old virtues of sun, sky, greenery, shelter, and space.” (Geddes, 1974, as cited in Kousidi, 2021). The design approach to the Brestovac Sanatorium could be described as strictly utilitarian, situating buildings in a picturesque forest environment. Constructed in 1909, architectural expression draws similarities to “the formalism of the neoclassical hotel, typical of alpine resorts.” (Lüthi, 2005) Later on, “sanatorium structure split off toward a functional architecture design exclusively for the needs of cure.” (Lüthi, 2005) The existing buildings comprising the Brestovac Sanatorium featured Modernist architectural elements such as porticoed galleries, open terraces, and everyday functional objects as ornaments. Horizontality and simplicity prevailed in the expression of the buildings. Using the surviving Brestovac Sanatorium building (male ward) as the main object of the design intervention, the project aims, through strategies of adaptive reuse, to preserve and enhance the aforementioned architectural characteristics in association with the natural surroundings. Aim of the project is to address the increasing issue of deteriorating building stock, through design interventions, not only for economic and environmental reasons but also for cultural ones. The latter topic – how design can honour and preserve cultural memory whilst transforming the former complex is the main thesis exploration. Why we could determine the Brestovac area as highly fragile and complex, is its perception in the eyes of the local population of Zagreb. Ruinous as it is, it is a testament of a major historical period in Croatia, marked by significant changes in medicine, the biological sciences, and healthcare architecture at large. It put Croatia, then still part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, on the map next to countries like Germany, Switzerland, France and Italy, as one of the leading progressive nations in the battle against tuberculosis. In addition, the remaining Sanatorium structures evoke memories of the past and are charged with emotions of place. Being part of a community located in the middle of the Medvednica forest gave people a sense of belonging and meaning. Many former employees and residents, through their collective recollection, can reflect on the original site and its buildings with fondness and nostalgia. Repurposing an architectural site involves creating a tangible connection to its historical, immaterial origins. This intentional approach not only establishes a discernible relationship with the building and its immediate surroundings but also extends to the societal context that contributed to its construction. Fred Scott sees adaptive reuse as a creative, ongoing engagement with buildings, treating them as entities capable of growth and transformation rather than as historical artifacts. He suggests that reusing a building should do more than simply preserve its structure, advocating for a process that honours the building’s past while also envisioning new purposes for it. Scott’s perspective combines a respect for heritage with a willingness to introduce inventive, sometimes unconventional elements, distinguishing his approach from traditional conservation – the thoughtful integration of the past into the evolving present, encouraging a dynamic relationship between history and contemporary architectural expression. By allowing original features and new functions to coexist in a dynamic interplay, Scott argues that adaptive reuse can enrich a building’s story and keep it relevant to modern contexts. Beyond the preexistent buildings, the forest context and natural surroundings also pose a unique design challenge that extends beyond the physical characteristics of the place. The former Sanatorium is located in a nature park, whose rich history needs to serve as principal guideline for the design, along with the specific guidelines for the future programmatic possibilities of the site. Rooted in the historical ethos of community, care, and healing, the proposed architectural redevelopment aims to preserve this legacy by reimagining the site as a community-based healthcare centre: a collaborative residence designed to support independent living for residents over sixty and welcome temporary visitors. This senior housing model transcends conventional residential frameworks by offering not only accommodation but also a community centre for local residents, fostering a sense of belonging and connection. Robert Geddes, in the magazine Progressive Architecture, explores architecture as an integral element of the larger social and environmental system, advocating for architecture that harmonises with its surroundings while supporting sustainable, community-centred spaces. In his article, The Nature of the Built Environment, three distinct relationships between buildings and their surrounding landscapes are identified; the first considers architecture as formally independent from the landscape, using the natural context as a complementary or contrasting backdrop. The second envisions architecture and landscape as a continuous entity, erasing clear boundaries between built form and nature. The third proposes a reciprocal relationship, where architecture and landscape actively modify one another, forming a cohesive geometric and formal unity. His perspective emphasises the role of design in enhancing both social cohesion and environmental stewardship, urging architects to go beyond aesthetic considerations and embrace structures that support ecological equilibrium and well-being. Seeking to draw from the residents’ connection with the forest and each other, the concept focuses on enhancing the relationship between interior and exterior spaces through transparency and the celebration of communal areas, creating an inviting environment for residents, their families, and the broader community. Multigenerational spaces and services embedded within a natural, restorative setting are integral to mitigating challenges often associated with aging, such as vulnerability, loneliness, and social isolation. Termed a “collaborative residence for longevity,” (Verdino, 2024) the design places a strong emphasis on encouraging intergenerational socialisation, a key factor for enhancing long-term well-being. Located in the mountainous region, the project resonates with the philosophy of nature as a source of healing, incorporating the surrounding landscape into the therapeutic experience. Amenities within the complex are accessible to both residents and visitors, enriching the communal atmosphere and overall quality of life. The architectural intervention pays homage to the original building’s physical and spatial qualities— including functional hierarchies, scenic views, bioclimatic considerations, and connections to the forest— thereby laying the groundwork for revitalised, health-oriented spaces that honour its past while serving as a supportive resource for the local community.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_12_Danicic_Thesis_Booklet.pdf
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2024_12_Danicic_Thesis_Boards.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/231594