In today’s business environment, organizations face highly dynamic competition, making innovation a necessity rather than a choice. To incentivize research and development (R&D), firms must be able to appropriate returns sufficient to justify their investment. This study starts from the analysis of the appropriability regime of the innovation according to the parameters identified by Teece (1986) in his iconic paper “Profiting from innovation”. Thirty years after its publication, the PFI framework has continued to have a considerable impact on the field of technology management. The notion of the appropriability regime highlights the challenges firms face in capturing the benefits of their innovation investments. It also involves the use of appropriability mechanisms such as patents, trademarks, secrets, and other tools that provide innovators with control over their innovations. However, the original exogenous view of appropriability–rooted, for example, in empirical evidence of patent efficacy observed primarily in specific industries such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and medical equipment–has shifted towards a perspective that considers appropriability as endogenous, shaped by firm-level decisions and strategies aimed at enhancing the ability to capture value from innovation. Specifically, this thesis investigates how start-ups and small firms appropriate the innovations introduced to the market. Since startups often rely on partnerships with established companies or other actors to exploit their innovative entrepreneurship, the study first examines appropriability in the context of these relationships. These include collaborations with same-industry corporate venture capital (CVC) entities, non-equity alliances, and open innovation activities. The analysis then shifts to the appropriation strategies adopted by small innovative firms. Patents are a means to secure licensing opportunities, investments and reputational capital. However, many innovative small firms do not use appropriability mechanisms at all. This is often the case for firms operating in non-knowledge-intensive sectors, where innovations are primarily process-oriented and competition is price-based. Instead, small firms with high R&D intensive profile tend to combine both formal and informal intellectual protection mechanisms. In particular, those introducing radical innovations new to the market are more inclined to use patents in combination with secrecy. Nevertheless, informal mechanisms play a dominant role in small innovative firms, especially secrecy and lead time. The study concludes by providing potential directions for future research.
Nel contesto di business odierno, le organizzazioni devono affrontare una concorrenza altamente dinamica, che rende l’innovazione una necessità piuttosto che una scelta. Per incentivare la ricerca e lo sviluppo (R&S), le imprese devono essere in grado di appropriarsi di rendimenti sufficienti a giustificare il loro investimento. Questo studio parte dall’analisi del regime di appropriabilità dell’innovazione secondo i parametri individuati da Teece (1986) nel suo celebre saggio “Profiting from Innovation”. Trent’anni dopo la sua pubblicazione, il PFI framework ha continuato ad avere un impatto considerevole nel campo del management della tecnologia. La nozione di regime di appropriabilità evidenzia le sfide che le imprese affrontano nel catturare i benefici dei loro investimenti in innovazione. Essa comprende anche l’uso di meccanismi di appropriabilità come brevetti, marchi, segreti e altri strumenti che forniscono agli innovatori il controllo sulle loro innovazioni. Tuttavia, la tradizionale visione esogena dell’appropriabilità–radicata, ad esempio, nell’evidenza empirica dell’efficacia dei brevetti osservata principalmente in settori specifici come quello farmaceutico, delle biotecnologie e delle apparecchiature mediche–si è spostata verso una prospettiva che considera l’appropriabilità come endogena, modellata da decisioni e strategie aziendali volte a migliorare la capacità di catturare valore dall’innovazione. Nello specifico questa tesi indaga come le startup e le piccole aziende innovative si appropriano delle innovazioni introdotte sul mercato. Poiché le startup spesso si affidano a partnership con aziende consolidate o altri attori per sfruttare la loro imprenditorialità innovativa, lo studio esamina innanzitutto l’appropriabilità nel contesto di queste relazioni. Queste includono collaborazioni con entità di corporate venture capital (CVC) dello stesso settore, alleanze non azionarie e attività di innovazione aperta. L’analisi si sposta successivamente sulle strategie di appropriazione adottate dalle piccole imprese innovative. I brevetti sono un mezzo per assicurarsi opportunità di licenza, investimenti e capitale reputazionale. Tuttavia, molte piccole imprese innovative non utilizzano affatto i meccanismi di appropriabilità. Questo è spesso il caso delle imprese che operano in settori non ad alta intensità di conoscenza, dove le innovazioni sono principalmente orientate ai processi e la concorrenza è basata sui prezzi. Le piccole imprese con un profilo ad alta intensità di R&S tendono invece a combinare meccanismi di protezione intellettuale sia formali che informali. In particolare, quelle che introducono innovazioni radicali e nuove sul mercato sono più inclini a utilizzare i brevetti in combinazione con la segretezza. Tuttavia, i meccanismi informali svolgono un ruolo preponderante nelle piccole imprese innovative, soprattutto la segretezza e il lead time. Lo studio si conclude fornendo potenziali direzioni per la ricerca futura.
How do startups appropriate the innovations introduced to the market?
Padovani, Nicole
2023/2024
Abstract
In today’s business environment, organizations face highly dynamic competition, making innovation a necessity rather than a choice. To incentivize research and development (R&D), firms must be able to appropriate returns sufficient to justify their investment. This study starts from the analysis of the appropriability regime of the innovation according to the parameters identified by Teece (1986) in his iconic paper “Profiting from innovation”. Thirty years after its publication, the PFI framework has continued to have a considerable impact on the field of technology management. The notion of the appropriability regime highlights the challenges firms face in capturing the benefits of their innovation investments. It also involves the use of appropriability mechanisms such as patents, trademarks, secrets, and other tools that provide innovators with control over their innovations. However, the original exogenous view of appropriability–rooted, for example, in empirical evidence of patent efficacy observed primarily in specific industries such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and medical equipment–has shifted towards a perspective that considers appropriability as endogenous, shaped by firm-level decisions and strategies aimed at enhancing the ability to capture value from innovation. Specifically, this thesis investigates how start-ups and small firms appropriate the innovations introduced to the market. Since startups often rely on partnerships with established companies or other actors to exploit their innovative entrepreneurship, the study first examines appropriability in the context of these relationships. These include collaborations with same-industry corporate venture capital (CVC) entities, non-equity alliances, and open innovation activities. The analysis then shifts to the appropriation strategies adopted by small innovative firms. Patents are a means to secure licensing opportunities, investments and reputational capital. However, many innovative small firms do not use appropriability mechanisms at all. This is often the case for firms operating in non-knowledge-intensive sectors, where innovations are primarily process-oriented and competition is price-based. Instead, small firms with high R&D intensive profile tend to combine both formal and informal intellectual protection mechanisms. In particular, those introducing radical innovations new to the market are more inclined to use patents in combination with secrecy. Nevertheless, informal mechanisms play a dominant role in small innovative firms, especially secrecy and lead time. The study concludes by providing potential directions for future research.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/231694