In recent years, the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concept has been receiving increasing attention as a new aerial mode of transport for passengers in urban areas. This popularity surge is largely attributed to advances in electric battery technology, enabling the development of new light aerial vehicles known as electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Major vehicle manufacturers like Joby Aviation, Airbus, Volocopter, and Lilium are in competition to bring advanced eVTOL technologies to market for commercially operating UAM services. Meanwhile, national, and regional administrative and political bodies are preparing roadmaps for the sustainable adoption of UAM. Despite several worldwide announcements of upcoming UAM service launches between 2024 and 2026, uncertainty remains about the financial sustainability of possible use cases (e.g., airport shuttles, city-taxis, or inter-city services), particularly during the initial stages when demand may not be substantial due to relatively high tariffs that are not affordable for all. Additionally, there is uncertainty about public perception of low-altitude, short-range flights for daily travel purposes. User adoption of UAM services should not therefore be taken for granted, considering the significant role of transport demand in the overall sustainability of the UAM system. Will new aerial urban services experience massive adoption, or will they remain confined to niches? Additionally, what will be the user profile that chooses them most for their travels? In attempting to address these questions, the scientific literature on UAM demand analysis has primarily focused on UAM demand forecasting without distinguishing between different use cases. Moreover, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the distinctive traits characterizing potential UAM users, as most studies only focus on the level of service (i.e., times and costs) and socio-economic factors affecting choices. This research aims to bridge up these gaps by comparatively analysing users’ approach towards different UAM services (i.e., airport shuttles, city-taxis, or inter-city services), shedding light on individuals’ latent traits influencing choices, such as personal attitudes. The goal is to provide policy recommendations for the development of a sustainable UAM ecosystem. The methodological approach adopted in this research uses discrete choice models, traditionally used for demand behavioural studies, taking into account psychometric and statistical techniques for measuring attitudes and inferring individuals' latent factors. Furthermore, it integrates estimated models into a transport demand-supply interaction simulation tool to forecast passenger mode choices, including different UAM services, while adopting a scenario planning approach. The application is related to the Milan metropolitan area (Italy), where a large-scale revealed and stated preference survey campaign has been conducted. Research findings indicate that users tend to value UAM for airport access/egress travels more than for other urban trips. In fact, they are willing to pay 44% - 57% more for the airport shuttle services, and 31% - 44% more for business travels compared to other purposes. This suggests that the most financially sustainable UAM services will likely be airport shuttle connections to and from central business districts. Findings are confirmed by the transport demand-supply simulations related to the analysed case study: the probability of choosing UAM airport shuttles ranges from 2% to 5%, depending on the level of service of competing modal alternatives on the specific origin-destination pair, making them more attractive than other UAM services with a lower probability of being chosen (ranging from 1% to 3%). Focusing on the potential passenger profile, the results indicate that UAM services primarily attract business travellers and high-income individuals traveling for leisure or other non-work-related purposes. Significant differences were observed in the intention to use these services with respect to mode choice. While individuals’ latent characteristics, such as 'fear of flying,' 'propensity towards technology,' and 'perceived eVTOL safety', play a significant role in profiling the intention to use UAM services, they do not add additional explanatory power to mode choice models.
Negli ultimi anni, il concetto di Urban Air Mobility (UAM) ha ricevuto crescente attenzione come nuova modalità di trasporto aereo per passeggeri in area urbana. Questo aumento di popolarità è dovuto in gran parte ai progressi nella tecnologia delle batterie elettriche, che hanno reso possibile lo sviluppo di nuovi velivoli leggeri conosciuti come aeromobili elettrici a decollo e atterraggio verticale (eVTOL). Grandi produttori di veicoli come Joby Aviation, Airbus, Volocopter e Lilium sono in competizione per introdurre sul mercato tecnologie avanzate di eVTOL destinate all’operatività commerciale dei servizi UAM. Nel frattempo, enti amministrativi e politici a livello nazionale e regionale stanno preparando road map per una adozione sostenibile dell’UAM. Nonostante numerosi annunci a livello mondiale sul lancio imminente di servizi UAM tra il 2024 e il 2026, permangono incertezze sulla sostenibilità finanziaria dei possibili casi d’uso (ad esempio, navette aeroportuali, taxi urbani o servizi interurbani), soprattutto nelle fasi iniziali, quando la domanda potrebbe non essere significativa a causa delle tariffe relativamente elevate e non accessibili a tutti. Inoltre, vi sono incertezze sulla percezione dei voli a bassa quota e a corto raggio per gli spostamenti quotidiani. L’adozione da parte degli utenti dei servizi UAM non può quindi essere data per scontata, anche in considerazione del ruolo significativo della domanda di trasporto stessa nella sostenibilità complessiva del sistema UAM. I nuovi servizi aerei urbani sperimenteranno un’adozione massiva o rimarranno confinati a nicchie di mercato? Inoltre, quale sarà il profilo tipico degli utenti che li sceglieranno per i propri spostamenti? Nel tentativo di rispondere a queste domande, la letteratura scientifica sull’analisi della domanda UAM si è finora concentrata principalmente sulla previsione della domanda, senza distinguere tra i diversi casi d’uso. Inoltre, vi è ancora una mancanza di conoscenza riguardo al profilo dei potenziali utenti UAM e ai fattori che influenzano la scelta, poiché la maggior parte degli studi si concentra solo sul livello del servizio (ad esempio, tempi e costi) e sui fattori socio-economici dell'individuo. Questa ricerca mira a colmare tali lacune analizzando comparativamente l’approccio degli utenti verso i diversi servizi UAM (ad esempio, navette aeroportuali, taxi urbani o servizi interurbani), facendo luce sui tratti latenti degli individui che influenzano le scelte, come gli atteggiamenti personali. L’obiettivo è fornire suggerimenti per politiche per lo sviluppo di un ecosistema UAM sostenibile. L’approccio metodologico adottato in questa ricerca utilizza modelli di scelta discreta, tradizionalmente usati per studi comportamentali sulla domanda, tenendo conto di tecniche psicometriche e statistiche per misurare le attitudini e dedurre i fattori latenti degli individui. Inoltre, integra i modelli stimati in uno strumento di simulazione di interazione domanda-offerta di trasporto per prevedere le scelte modali dei passeggeri, inclusi i diversi servizi UAM, adottando un approccio scenaristico. L’applicazione è relativa all’area metropolitana di Milano, dove è stata condotta una campagna di indagine revealed e stated preferences su larga scala . I risultati della ricerca indicano che gli utenti tendono a valutare maggiormente l’UAM per i viaggi di accesso/egresso aeroportuale rispetto ad altri spostamenti urbani. Infatti, sono disposti a pagare dal 44% al 57% in più per i servizi di navetta aeroportuale e dal 31% al 44% in più per viaggi d’affari rispetto ad altri scopi. Questo suggerisce che i servizi UAM finanziariamente più sostenibili saranno probabilmente le connessioni di navette aeroportuali da e verso i distretti business in aree centrali o semi-centrali. I risultati sono confermati dalle simulazioni domanda-offerta di trasporto relative al caso di studio analizzato: la probabilità di scegliere le navette aeroportuali UAM varia dal 2% al 5%, a seconda del livello di servizio delle alternative modali concorrenti sulla specifica coppia origine-destinazione, rendendole più attrattive rispetto ad altri servizi UAM, con una probabilità di scelta più bassa (compresa tra l’1% e il 3%). Concentrandosi sul profilo potenziale dei passeggeri, i risultati indicano che i servizi UAM attraggono principalmente viaggiatori business e individui ad alto reddito che viaggiano per scopi di svago o altri motivi non legati al lavoro. Sono state osservate differenze significative nell’intenzione di utilizzare tali servizi rispetto alla scelta modale. Sebbene le caratteristiche latenti degli individui, come la 'paura di volare,' la 'propensione verso la tecnologia' e la 'sicurezza percepita degli eVTOL,' giochino un ruolo significativo nella profilazione dell'intenzione all'utilizzo dei servizi UAM, non aggiungono ulteriore capacità esplicativa ai modelli di scelta modale.
Behavioral models to assess urban air mobility services
De Fabiis, Francesco
2024/2025
Abstract
In recent years, the Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concept has been receiving increasing attention as a new aerial mode of transport for passengers in urban areas. This popularity surge is largely attributed to advances in electric battery technology, enabling the development of new light aerial vehicles known as electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Major vehicle manufacturers like Joby Aviation, Airbus, Volocopter, and Lilium are in competition to bring advanced eVTOL technologies to market for commercially operating UAM services. Meanwhile, national, and regional administrative and political bodies are preparing roadmaps for the sustainable adoption of UAM. Despite several worldwide announcements of upcoming UAM service launches between 2024 and 2026, uncertainty remains about the financial sustainability of possible use cases (e.g., airport shuttles, city-taxis, or inter-city services), particularly during the initial stages when demand may not be substantial due to relatively high tariffs that are not affordable for all. Additionally, there is uncertainty about public perception of low-altitude, short-range flights for daily travel purposes. User adoption of UAM services should not therefore be taken for granted, considering the significant role of transport demand in the overall sustainability of the UAM system. Will new aerial urban services experience massive adoption, or will they remain confined to niches? Additionally, what will be the user profile that chooses them most for their travels? In attempting to address these questions, the scientific literature on UAM demand analysis has primarily focused on UAM demand forecasting without distinguishing between different use cases. Moreover, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the distinctive traits characterizing potential UAM users, as most studies only focus on the level of service (i.e., times and costs) and socio-economic factors affecting choices. This research aims to bridge up these gaps by comparatively analysing users’ approach towards different UAM services (i.e., airport shuttles, city-taxis, or inter-city services), shedding light on individuals’ latent traits influencing choices, such as personal attitudes. The goal is to provide policy recommendations for the development of a sustainable UAM ecosystem. The methodological approach adopted in this research uses discrete choice models, traditionally used for demand behavioural studies, taking into account psychometric and statistical techniques for measuring attitudes and inferring individuals' latent factors. Furthermore, it integrates estimated models into a transport demand-supply interaction simulation tool to forecast passenger mode choices, including different UAM services, while adopting a scenario planning approach. The application is related to the Milan metropolitan area (Italy), where a large-scale revealed and stated preference survey campaign has been conducted. Research findings indicate that users tend to value UAM for airport access/egress travels more than for other urban trips. In fact, they are willing to pay 44% - 57% more for the airport shuttle services, and 31% - 44% more for business travels compared to other purposes. This suggests that the most financially sustainable UAM services will likely be airport shuttle connections to and from central business districts. Findings are confirmed by the transport demand-supply simulations related to the analysed case study: the probability of choosing UAM airport shuttles ranges from 2% to 5%, depending on the level of service of competing modal alternatives on the specific origin-destination pair, making them more attractive than other UAM services with a lower probability of being chosen (ranging from 1% to 3%). Focusing on the potential passenger profile, the results indicate that UAM services primarily attract business travellers and high-income individuals traveling for leisure or other non-work-related purposes. Significant differences were observed in the intention to use these services with respect to mode choice. While individuals’ latent characteristics, such as 'fear of flying,' 'propensity towards technology,' and 'perceived eVTOL safety', play a significant role in profiling the intention to use UAM services, they do not add additional explanatory power to mode choice models.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: PhD Thesis - Francesco De Fabiis
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/232732