ETFs have democratized investing, offering investors a powerful, inexpensive, and liquid financial marketplace diversification tool. Initially designed to follow overall market indices, ETFs have become increasingly sophisticated, with increasingly concentrated variants tracking focused sectors, including biotech and renewable energy, and theme trends, including ESG investing. Concentrated ETFs yield concentrated exposure to high-growth sectors, but sector concentration subjects investors to focused vulnerabilities, distinguishing them in a fundamental way from traditional, broadly focused ETFs. Despite increased usage, a lack of studies continues to dominate regarding the performance, diversification, and liquidity trade-offs between specialized and traditional ETFs. To bridge this gap, this article conducts a comparative analysis between six specialized ETFs and six traditional ETFs over a 10-year period, comparing key financial performance statistics. Performance analysis considers Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), volatility, Sharpe ratio, Sortino ratio, and Jensen’s alpha, while diversification is assessed through the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and correlation matrices. Measurable liquidity is considered through bid-ask spreads, trading volumes, and turnover ratios. Furthermore, Value at Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) are calculated to assess extreme loss risk. To ensure robust statistical validation, formal significance tests are applied, including the Shapiro-Wilk normality test to verify data distribution and Student’s T-test to compare mean returns between specialized and traditional ETFs. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to analyze risk-return distributions, while sensitivity analyses are employed to test the stability of findings. The results confirm that specialized ETFs have marginally superior mean performance (CAGR 8.36%) over traditional ETFs (CAGR 7.96%), but at the cost of significantly increased volatility (25.16% versus 18.42%). In addition, specialized ETFs exhibit greater concentration, as reflected in higher HHI values, and reduced liquidity, evidenced by larger bid-ask spreads and lower trading volumes. Traditional ETFs, in contrast, generate steadier performance, broader diversification, and enhanced liquidity, making them safer investment choices under various market conditions. Correlation analysis further concludes that specialized ETFs—particularly biotechnology and clean-energy ETFs—exhibit low correlation with general market indices, reinforcing their portfolio diversification value. This study contributes to the existing literature with an empirical analysis of the key trade-offs between traditional and specialized ETFs, offering new insights into both categories. Additionally, it highlights certain limitations, such as the sample period and the omission of emerging thematic ETFs, including those related to artificial intelligence and blockchain, as well as the absence of an analysis of regional variations in ETF behavior. Future studies could expand on these dimensions, for example, by analyzing performance under extreme market conditions and financial crises. By comparing traditional and specialized ETFs across multiple dimensions, this study clarifies the performance implications of alternative ETF structures in financial markets. As a vehicle for concentrated bets in high-growth industries, specialized ETFs can play a useful role, but traditional ETFs remain fundamental tools for broad market access and risk mitigation.
Gli ETF hanno democratizzato gli investimenti, offrendo agli investitori uno strumento potente, economico e liquido per diversificare il proprio portafoglio nei mercati finanziari. Inizialmente concepiti per replicare indici di mercato ampi, gli ETF sono diventati sempre più sofisticati, includendo varianti altamente concentrate che seguono settori specifici, come il biotech e l'energia rinnovabile, e tendenze tematiche, come gli investimenti ESG. Gli ETF specializzati garantiscono un'esposizione mirata a settori ad alta crescita, ma la concentrazione settoriale li rende vulnerabili a rischi specifici, distinguendoli in modo fondamentale dagli ETF tradizionali più diversificati. Nonostante il loro utilizzo in crescita, gli studi sull’equilibrio tra performance, diversificazione e liquidità tra ETF specializzati e tradizionali restano limitati. Per colmare questa lacuna, il presente studio realizza un’analisi comparativa tra sei ETF specializzati e sei ETF tradizionali su un periodo di 10 anni, confrontando statistiche chiave di performance finanziaria. L’analisi delle performance considera il tasso di crescita annuale composto (CAGR), la volatilità, il rapporto di Sharpe, il Sortino ratio e l’alpha di Jensen. La diversificazione viene valutata attraverso l’Indice di Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI) e le matrici di correlazione, mentre la liquidità viene analizzata considerando bid-ask spread, volumi di scambio e turnover. Inoltre, sono stati calcolati il Value at Risk (VaR) e il Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) per misurare il rischio di perdita estrema. Per garantire un'analisi rigorosa, sono stati applicati test di significatività statistica, tra cui il test di normalità di Shapiro-Wilk per verificare la distribuzione dei dati e il test T di Student per confrontare le medie dei rendimenti tra ETF specializzati e tradizionali. Sono state inoltre utilizzate simulazioni Monte Carlo per valutare scenari di rischio e rendimento e analisi di sensibilità per testare la robustezza dei risultati ottenuti. I risultati confermano che gli ETF specializzati offrono una performance media leggermente superiore (CAGR dell’8,36%) rispetto agli ETF tradizionali (CAGR del 7,96%), ma al prezzo di una volatilità significativamente più elevata (25,16% contro 18,42%). Inoltre, gli ETF specializzati mostrano una maggiore concentrazione, confermata da valori più elevati di HHI, e una minore liquidità, evidenziata da bid-ask spreads più ampi e volumi di scambio ridotti. Gli ETF tradizionali, al contrario, garantiscono una performance più stabile, una maggiore diversificazione e una liquidità superiore, risultando quindi opzioni più sicure in una varietà di scenari di mercato. L’analisi delle correlazioni evidenzia inoltre che gli ETF specializzati, in particolare quelli focalizzati su biotecnologie ed energie pulite, presentano una bassa correlazione con gli indici di mercato generali, confermandone il valore per la diversificazione del portafoglio. Questo studio arricchisce la letteratura esistente con un’analisi empirica dei principali compromessi tra ETF tradizionali e specializzati, fornendo nuove informazioni su entrambi. Inoltre, evidenzia alcune limitazioni, come l’orizzonte temporale del campione e l’omissione di ETF tematici emergenti, come quelli legati all’intelligenza artificiale e alla blockchain, oltre all’assenza di un’analisi delle variazioni del comportamento degli ETF a livello regionale. Studi futuri potrebbero approfondire queste dimensioni, ad esempio analizzando le performance degli ETF in condizioni di mercato estreme e durante crisi finanziarie. Confrontando gli ETF tradizionali e specializzati su più dimensioni, questo studio chiarisce le differenze strutturali tra le varie tipologie di ETF nei mercati finanziari. Sebbene gli ETF specializzati possano essere strumenti utili per puntare su settori ad alta crescita, gli ETF tradizionali rimangono fondamentali per garantire un accesso ampio ai mercati e per mitigare il rischio.
Comparative analysis of specialised ETFs and traditional ETFs: performance, diversification and liquidity perspectives
De Luca, Gabriele
2023/2024
Abstract
ETFs have democratized investing, offering investors a powerful, inexpensive, and liquid financial marketplace diversification tool. Initially designed to follow overall market indices, ETFs have become increasingly sophisticated, with increasingly concentrated variants tracking focused sectors, including biotech and renewable energy, and theme trends, including ESG investing. Concentrated ETFs yield concentrated exposure to high-growth sectors, but sector concentration subjects investors to focused vulnerabilities, distinguishing them in a fundamental way from traditional, broadly focused ETFs. Despite increased usage, a lack of studies continues to dominate regarding the performance, diversification, and liquidity trade-offs between specialized and traditional ETFs. To bridge this gap, this article conducts a comparative analysis between six specialized ETFs and six traditional ETFs over a 10-year period, comparing key financial performance statistics. Performance analysis considers Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), volatility, Sharpe ratio, Sortino ratio, and Jensen’s alpha, while diversification is assessed through the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and correlation matrices. Measurable liquidity is considered through bid-ask spreads, trading volumes, and turnover ratios. Furthermore, Value at Risk (VaR) and Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) are calculated to assess extreme loss risk. To ensure robust statistical validation, formal significance tests are applied, including the Shapiro-Wilk normality test to verify data distribution and Student’s T-test to compare mean returns between specialized and traditional ETFs. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to analyze risk-return distributions, while sensitivity analyses are employed to test the stability of findings. The results confirm that specialized ETFs have marginally superior mean performance (CAGR 8.36%) over traditional ETFs (CAGR 7.96%), but at the cost of significantly increased volatility (25.16% versus 18.42%). In addition, specialized ETFs exhibit greater concentration, as reflected in higher HHI values, and reduced liquidity, evidenced by larger bid-ask spreads and lower trading volumes. Traditional ETFs, in contrast, generate steadier performance, broader diversification, and enhanced liquidity, making them safer investment choices under various market conditions. Correlation analysis further concludes that specialized ETFs—particularly biotechnology and clean-energy ETFs—exhibit low correlation with general market indices, reinforcing their portfolio diversification value. This study contributes to the existing literature with an empirical analysis of the key trade-offs between traditional and specialized ETFs, offering new insights into both categories. Additionally, it highlights certain limitations, such as the sample period and the omission of emerging thematic ETFs, including those related to artificial intelligence and blockchain, as well as the absence of an analysis of regional variations in ETF behavior. Future studies could expand on these dimensions, for example, by analyzing performance under extreme market conditions and financial crises. By comparing traditional and specialized ETFs across multiple dimensions, this study clarifies the performance implications of alternative ETF structures in financial markets. As a vehicle for concentrated bets in high-growth industries, specialized ETFs can play a useful role, but traditional ETFs remain fundamental tools for broad market access and risk mitigation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
2025_04_De Luca_Executive summary.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: executive summary
Dimensione
128.65 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
128.65 kB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
2025_04_De Luca_Tesi.pdf
solo utenti autorizzati a partire dal 10/03/2026
Descrizione: tesi
Dimensione
2.8 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.8 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/233374