Nuclear power currently constitutes 9% of global electricity generation, with this electricity produced by 440 operational reactors worldwide. This share is projected to rise as part of efforts to mitigate climate change and decarbonize the energy sector. Beyond constructing new power plants, it is fundamental to preserve existing capacity, characterized by aging reactors approaching the critical decision whether to extend the operations after their initial licenses expire or not. The decision to undertake life extension projects can lead to extending the operational life of the reactor up to 60 or 80 years. Yet, despite the phenomenological relevance of such projects, the scientific literature results are confined to technical aspects and underdeveloped. Addressing this gap in the literature, this thesis aims to investigate the factors that influence the decision of extending the operational life of nuclear power reactors by leveraging a multiple case study. In particular, we investigate ten USA nuclear power reactors that despite obtaining the licence renewal faced an immediate shut down. We identify seven factors including political, social, environmental, and economic that contribute to nuclear reactor closures. Politically, decisions at the state level can precipitate closures, while socially, public protests reflect public opposition. From an environmental perspective, closures often aim to protect natural habitats from potential hazards. From an economic perspective, the prohibitive costs of maintenance and repairs, along with the inability of reactors to compete in a highly competitive energy market, are identified as critical pressures that lead to closure. In further analyzing market dynamics to better understand these critical issues, we identify that reactors located in deregulated markets are particularly vulnerable to economic pressures caused by competition with less expensive energy sources. We also note that government support, through economic initiatives and nuclear-specific support measures, is essential to prevent plant closures in these deregulated areas.
L'energia nucleare costituisce attualmente il 9% della produzione globale di elettricità, generata da 440 reattori operativi in tutto il mondo. Si prevede che questa quota aumenterà come parte degli sforzi per mitigare il cambiamento climatico e decarbonizzare il settore energetico. Oltre alla costruzione di nuove centrali, è fondamentale preservare la capacità esistente, caratterizzata da reattori che invecchiano e si avvicinano alla decisione critica se estendere o meno le operazioni dopo la scadenza delle licenze iniziali. La decisione di intraprendere progetti di estensione della vita può portare a prolungare la vita operativa del reattore fino a 60 o 80 anni. Tuttavia, nonostante la rilevanza fenomenologica di tali progetti, i risultati della letteratura scientifica sono confinati agli aspetti tecnici e poco sviluppati. Affrontando questa lacuna nella letteratura, questa tesi mira a indagare i fattori che influenzano la decisione di estendere la vita operativa dei reattori nucleari, sfruttando uno studio di caso multiplo. In particolare, indaghiamo dieci reattori nucleari negli USA che, nonostante l'ottenimento del rinnovo della licenza, hanno affrontato una chiusura immediata. Identifichiamo sette fattori, tra cui politici, sociali, ambientali ed economici che contribuiscono alla chiusura dei reattori nucleari. Dal punto di vista politico, le decisioni a livello statale possono far precipitare le chiusure, mentre dal punto di vista sociale le proteste pubbliche riflettono l'opposizione dei cittadini. Dal punto di vista ambientale, le chiusure spesso mirano a proteggere gli habitat naturali da potenziali pericoli. Dal punto di vista economico, i costi proibitivi della manutenzione e delle riparazioni, insieme all'incapacità dei reattori di competere in un mercato energetico estremamente competitivo, sono identificati come pressioni critiche che portano alla chiusura. Nell'approfondire l'analisi delle dinamiche di mercato per comprendere meglio queste criticità, identifichiamo che i reattori situati in mercati deregolamentati sono particolarmente vulnerabili alle pressioni economiche causate dalla concorrenza con fonti energetiche meno costose. Rileviamo, inoltre, che il supporto governativo, tramite iniziative economiche e misure di sostegno specifiche per il settore nucleare, è essenziale per prevenire la chiusura degli impianti in queste zone deregolamentate.
Life extension of nuclear reactors: barriers and enabling factors in the U.S. scenario
Trittoni, Lorenzo;ROLA, DAVIDE
2023/2024
Abstract
Nuclear power currently constitutes 9% of global electricity generation, with this electricity produced by 440 operational reactors worldwide. This share is projected to rise as part of efforts to mitigate climate change and decarbonize the energy sector. Beyond constructing new power plants, it is fundamental to preserve existing capacity, characterized by aging reactors approaching the critical decision whether to extend the operations after their initial licenses expire or not. The decision to undertake life extension projects can lead to extending the operational life of the reactor up to 60 or 80 years. Yet, despite the phenomenological relevance of such projects, the scientific literature results are confined to technical aspects and underdeveloped. Addressing this gap in the literature, this thesis aims to investigate the factors that influence the decision of extending the operational life of nuclear power reactors by leveraging a multiple case study. In particular, we investigate ten USA nuclear power reactors that despite obtaining the licence renewal faced an immediate shut down. We identify seven factors including political, social, environmental, and economic that contribute to nuclear reactor closures. Politically, decisions at the state level can precipitate closures, while socially, public protests reflect public opposition. From an environmental perspective, closures often aim to protect natural habitats from potential hazards. From an economic perspective, the prohibitive costs of maintenance and repairs, along with the inability of reactors to compete in a highly competitive energy market, are identified as critical pressures that lead to closure. In further analyzing market dynamics to better understand these critical issues, we identify that reactors located in deregulated markets are particularly vulnerable to economic pressures caused by competition with less expensive energy sources. We also note that government support, through economic initiatives and nuclear-specific support measures, is essential to prevent plant closures in these deregulated areas.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/234312