The volume and value of international trade in goods and services have surged over the past few decades, with significantly increasing effect of the share of world trade to GDP. This remarkable trend has been achieved not only intensively, through increased trade flows between countries with established trading relationships, but also extensively, via newly created trade connections. The result is a complex web of trade linkages that connect the vast majority of countries, channel significant economic value, and facilitate cross-border technological diffusion and global human mobility. Empirical evidence suggests that to fully understand international trade and its macroeconomic implications, countries must be analyzed systemically, considering their embeddedness in the intricate web of trade relationships. It is insufficient to examine each country in isolation or only their bilateral trade relationships. Although trade relationships serve as vital channels of interaction between nations, recent research underscores the importance of indirect relationships. These studies suggest that bilateral trade linkages account for only a minor portion of the impact that an economic shock in one country can have on another with which it lacks direct trade. Furthermore, bilateral trade relationships are crucial in connecting groups of countries that would otherwise remain unlinked. The exploration of new areas of application in economics, however, depends heavily on the availability of data and the further development of analytical techniques. Although efforts have been made to enhance traditional methods to tackle these complexity issues, many problems remain to be studied. One promising approach to address these challenges is the application of network methods. Network economics is a rapidly growing field with significant potential to address various social and economic phenomena, as networks play a critical role in shaping how individuals are connected, discover products, or engage in scientific collaborations. These relationships, whether social, geographic, or trade-related, directly impact entities well-being, making it essential to understand how network structures influence behavior and what entities can do to improve systemic outcomes. In our framework, countries play role as participant in the trade network. Our research focuses on applying network analysis to globalization, examining the complex and multidimensional nature of global trade systems. Given the increasing complexity of international trade, a holistic perspective is needed, where countries are analyzed not only by trade volume but by their connections and positions within the broader trade network. Network analysis has proven effective across various disciplines, including economics, by highlighting a country’s integration and connectivity, its role within closely connected trade groups, and its systemic importance. Scholarly research has been conducted in this field, building on the connections of several scientific works. However, several types of international economic networks and methodological approaches remain unexplored. Arising from international trade literature, notable questions include: (i) What is the structure of the World Trade Network (WTN) and its dynamics at the macro level? (ii) Does the network structure change due to economic shocks or the rising role of emerging countries, particularly China? (iii) How does the rising role of emerging countries in the WTN affect the relative position of other countries and enhance their macroeconomic outcomes through this channel? The objective of this PhD thesis is to elucidate the impact of the rise in trade prominence of developing countries, particularly China, on the structure of the international trade network and the economic status of nations worldwide. This research aims to provide clear evidence to distinguish whether the observed structural changes in the WTN are primarily driven by the global financial crisis or by China's increasing role in international trade. Additionally, the thesis explores the impact of China's trade expansion and the economic outcomes of other countries, with a focus on both small and medium-sized economies and the global landscape. To achieve the stated objective, our analysis is divided into three phases, corresponding to three research papers, can be integrated as chapters in the dissertation. The first chapter applies network analysis to investigate the evolving structure and temporal dynamics of the global trade network. The second chapter conducts counterfactual analyses to determine whether shifts in the WTN structure are attributable to the China shock or financial crises. The third chapter explores the correlation between China's increasing prominence in the global trade network and the economic standing of other countries, focusing on their trade positions and income levels. This PhD work aims to provide a comprehensive view of the WTN from 1995 to the present, covering periods of financial downturns and China’s deeper integration into global trade, while also demonstrating how these structural changes are linked to the rise of emerging economies, particularly China, and their impact on the average incomes of other countries. This dissertation aims to make contributions to the field by advancing methodologies, leveraging comprehensive data, and delivering novel results. Methodologically, it combines network analysis with statistical techniques, offering a sophisticated alternative to traditional methods, particularly suited to the complexities of global trade network. The research employs the most extensive dataset available, both in terms of temporal and geographical coverage, enabling a detailed examination of current trends and long-term dynamics within the trade network. The findings go beyond existing literature by providing a clearer and more nuanced understanding of global trade, with specific insights into structural changes linked to China's deepening integration into the world economy. Additionally, the study highlights the impact of China's rise on the trade positions and economic outcomes, such as GDP, of other countries, particularly small and medium-sized economies. Methodologically, this research employs sophisticated network analysis techniques to chart the evolution of trade networks and their economic implications over time. Specifically applied to international trade networks, the findings are rigorously interpreted through economic analysis to evaluate their significance for economic agents. By integrating both statistical and network methods, this dissertation provides a comprehensive examination of WTN from a multidimensional perspective, utilizing extensive temporal and geographical data, which contributes to the thesis’s novelty. The insights gained are highly relevant to policymakers and stakeholders, providing a clear understanding of WTN dynamics. This understanding enables the formulation of precise and well-informed strategies tailored to nations’ unique circumstances. The interdisciplinary approach, which integrates data analysis with economic models, enables countries to gain a comprehensive understanding of their relative positions and formulate informed policies regarding potential trading partners. Additionally, it elucidates the mechanisms that transform quality trade links into income. This collaborative effort can yield significant original results, advancing knowledge on these critical issues.
Il volume e il valore del commercio internazionale di beni e servizi sono aumentati notevolmente negli ultimi decenni, con un effetto significativamente crescente della quota del commercio mondiale sul PIL. Questo notevole trend è stato raggiunto non solo intensivamente, attraverso l'aumento dei flussi commerciali tra paesi con relazioni commerciali consolidate, ma anche estensivamente, tramite nuove connessioni commerciali create. Il risultato è una complessa rete di collegamenti commerciali che connette la stragrande maggioranza dei paesi, canalizza un valore economico significativo e facilita la diffusione tecnologica transfrontaliera e la mobilità umana globale. Le evidenze empiriche suggeriscono che per comprendere appieno il commercio internazionale e le sue implicazioni macroeconomiche, i paesi devono essere analizzati sistematicamente, considerando il loro inserimento nella complessa rete di relazioni commerciali. È insufficiente esaminare ogni paese in isolamento o solo le loro relazioni commerciali bilaterali. Sebbene le relazioni commerciali servano come canali vitali di interazione tra le nazioni, ricerche recenti sottolineano l'importanza delle relazioni indirette. Questi studi suggeriscono che i collegamenti commerciali bilaterali rappresentano solo una piccola parte dell'impatto che uno shock economico in un paese può avere su un altro con cui non ha commercio diretto. Inoltre, le relazioni commerciali bilaterali sono cruciali per collegare gruppi di paesi che altrimenti rimarrebbero scollegati. L'esplorazione di nuove aree di applicazione in economia, tuttavia, dipende fortemente dalla disponibilità di dati e dallo sviluppo ulteriore delle tecniche analitiche. Sebbene siano stati fatti sforzi per migliorare i metodi tradizionali per affrontare questi problemi di complessità, molti problemi rimangono da studiare. Un approccio promettente per affrontare queste sfide è l'applicazione dei metodi di rete. L'economia delle reti è un campo in rapida crescita con un potenziale significativo per affrontare vari fenomeni sociali ed economici, poiché le reti svolgono un ruolo critico nel plasmare come gli individui sono connessi, scoprono prodotti o si impegnano in collaborazioni scientifiche. Queste relazioni, siano esse sociali, geografiche o commerciali, influenzano direttamente il benessere delle entità, rendendo essenziale comprendere come le strutture di rete influenzino il comportamento e cosa possano fare le entità per migliorare i risultati sistemici. Nel nostro quadro, i paesi giocano un ruolo come partecipanti nella rete commerciale. La nostra ricerca si concentra sull'applicazione dell'analisi delle reti alla globalizzazione, esaminando la natura complessa e multidimensionale dei sistemi commerciali globali. Data la crescente complessità del commercio internazionale, è necessaria una prospettiva olistica, in cui i paesi siano analizzati non solo per volume di commercio ma per le loro connessioni e posizioni all'interno della rete commerciale più ampia. L'analisi delle reti si è dimostrata efficace in vari campi, compresa l'economia, evidenziando l'integrazione e la connettività di un paese, il suo ruolo all'interno di gruppi commerciali strettamente connessi e la sua importanza sistemica. Ricerche accademiche sono state condotte in questo campo, basandosi sulle connessioni di diversi lavori scientifici. Tuttavia, diversi tipi di reti economiche internazionali e approcci metodologici rimangono inesplorati. Derivanti dalla letteratura sul commercio internazionale, domande notevoli includono: (i) Qual è la struttura della Rete Commerciale Mondiale (WTN) e le sue dinamiche a livello macro? (ii) La struttura della rete cambia a causa di shock economici o del ruolo crescente dei paesi emergenti, in particolare della Cina? (iii) Come influisce il ruolo crescente dei paesi emergenti nella WTN sulla posizione relativa di altri paesi e migliora i loro risultati macroeconomici attraverso questo canale? L'obiettivo di questa tesi di dottorato è chiarire l'impatto dell'aumento della prominenza commerciale dei paesi in via di sviluppo, in particolare della Cina, sulla struttura della rete commerciale internazionale e sullo status economico delle nazioni in tutto il mondo. Questa ricerca mira a fornire prove chiare per distinguere se i cambiamenti strutturali osservati nella WTN siano principalmente guidati dalla crisi finanziaria globale o dal ruolo crescente della Cina nel commercio internazionale. Inoltre, la tesi esplora l'impatto dell'espansione commerciale della Cina e i risultati economici di altri paesi, con un focus sia sulle economie piccole e medie che sul panorama globale. Per raggiungere l'obiettivo dichiarato, la nostra analisi è divisa in tre fasi, corrispondenti a tre articoli di ricerca, che possono essere integrati come capitoli nella dissertazione. Il primo capitolo applica l'analisi delle reti per investigare la struttura in evoluzione e le dinamiche temporali della rete commerciale globale. Il secondo capitolo conduce analisi controfattuali per determinare se i cambiamenti nella struttura della WTN siano attribuibili allo shock cinese o alle crisi finanziarie. Il terzo capitolo esplora la correlazione tra la crescente prominenza della Cina nella rete commerciale globale e lo status economico di altri paesi, concentrandosi sulle loro posizioni commerciali e sui livelli di reddito. Questo lavoro di dottorato mira a fornire una visione completa della WTN dal 1995 ad oggi, coprendo periodi di crisi finanziarie e l'integrazione più profonda della Cina nel commercio globale, dimostrando anche come questi cambiamenti strutturali siano collegati all'ascesa delle economie emergenti, in particolare della Cina, e al loro impatto sui redditi medi di altri paesi. Questa dissertazione mira a contribuire al campo avanzando metodologie, sfruttando dati completi e fornendo risultati innovativi. Metodologicamente, combina l'analisi delle reti con tecniche statistiche, offrendo un'alternativa sofisticata ai metodi tradizionali, particolarmente adatta alle complessità della rete commerciale globale. La ricerca impiega il dataset più esteso disponibile, sia in termini di copertura temporale che geografica, consentendo un esame dettagliato delle tendenze attuali e delle dinamiche a lungo termine all'interno della rete commerciale. I risultati vanno oltre la letteratura esistente fornendo una comprensione più chiara e sfumata del commercio globale, con approfondimenti specifici sui cambiamenti strutturali legati all'integrazione sempre più profonda della Cina nell'economia mondiale. Inoltre, lo studio evidenzia l'impatto dell'ascesa della Cina sulle posizioni commerciali e sui risultati economici, come il PIL, di altri paesi, in particolare delle economie piccole e medie. Metodologicamente, questa ricerca impiega tecniche sofisticate di analisi delle reti per tracciare l'evoluzione delle reti commerciali e le loro implicazioni economiche nel tempo. Applicate specificamente alle reti commerciali internazionali, i risultati sono rigorosamente interpretati attraverso l'analisi economica per valutarne il significato per gli agenti economici. Integrando sia metodi statistici che di rete, questa dissertazione fornisce un esame completo della WTN da una prospettiva multidimensionale, utilizzando dati temporali e geografici estesi, che contribuiscono alla novità della tesi. Le intuizioni acquisite sono altamente rilevanti per i responsabili politici e gli stakeholder, fornendo una chiara comprensione delle dinamiche della WTN. Questa comprensione consente la formulazione di strategie precise e ben informate, adattate alle circostanze uniche delle nazioni. L'approccio interdisciplinare, che integra l'analisi dei dati con modelli economici, consente ai paesi di ottenere una comprensione completa delle loro posizioni relative e di formulare politiche informate riguardo ai potenziali partner commerciali. Inoltre, chiarisce i meccanismi che trasformano i collegamenti commerciali di qualità in reddito. Questo sforzo collaborativo può produrre risultati originali significativi, avanzando la conoscenza su questi temi critici.
Structural changes in the world trade network: the role of China and emerging countries, and their economic effects
Hoang, Vu Phuong
2024/2025
Abstract
The volume and value of international trade in goods and services have surged over the past few decades, with significantly increasing effect of the share of world trade to GDP. This remarkable trend has been achieved not only intensively, through increased trade flows between countries with established trading relationships, but also extensively, via newly created trade connections. The result is a complex web of trade linkages that connect the vast majority of countries, channel significant economic value, and facilitate cross-border technological diffusion and global human mobility. Empirical evidence suggests that to fully understand international trade and its macroeconomic implications, countries must be analyzed systemically, considering their embeddedness in the intricate web of trade relationships. It is insufficient to examine each country in isolation or only their bilateral trade relationships. Although trade relationships serve as vital channels of interaction between nations, recent research underscores the importance of indirect relationships. These studies suggest that bilateral trade linkages account for only a minor portion of the impact that an economic shock in one country can have on another with which it lacks direct trade. Furthermore, bilateral trade relationships are crucial in connecting groups of countries that would otherwise remain unlinked. The exploration of new areas of application in economics, however, depends heavily on the availability of data and the further development of analytical techniques. Although efforts have been made to enhance traditional methods to tackle these complexity issues, many problems remain to be studied. One promising approach to address these challenges is the application of network methods. Network economics is a rapidly growing field with significant potential to address various social and economic phenomena, as networks play a critical role in shaping how individuals are connected, discover products, or engage in scientific collaborations. These relationships, whether social, geographic, or trade-related, directly impact entities well-being, making it essential to understand how network structures influence behavior and what entities can do to improve systemic outcomes. In our framework, countries play role as participant in the trade network. Our research focuses on applying network analysis to globalization, examining the complex and multidimensional nature of global trade systems. Given the increasing complexity of international trade, a holistic perspective is needed, where countries are analyzed not only by trade volume but by their connections and positions within the broader trade network. Network analysis has proven effective across various disciplines, including economics, by highlighting a country’s integration and connectivity, its role within closely connected trade groups, and its systemic importance. Scholarly research has been conducted in this field, building on the connections of several scientific works. However, several types of international economic networks and methodological approaches remain unexplored. Arising from international trade literature, notable questions include: (i) What is the structure of the World Trade Network (WTN) and its dynamics at the macro level? (ii) Does the network structure change due to economic shocks or the rising role of emerging countries, particularly China? (iii) How does the rising role of emerging countries in the WTN affect the relative position of other countries and enhance their macroeconomic outcomes through this channel? The objective of this PhD thesis is to elucidate the impact of the rise in trade prominence of developing countries, particularly China, on the structure of the international trade network and the economic status of nations worldwide. This research aims to provide clear evidence to distinguish whether the observed structural changes in the WTN are primarily driven by the global financial crisis or by China's increasing role in international trade. Additionally, the thesis explores the impact of China's trade expansion and the economic outcomes of other countries, with a focus on both small and medium-sized economies and the global landscape. To achieve the stated objective, our analysis is divided into three phases, corresponding to three research papers, can be integrated as chapters in the dissertation. The first chapter applies network analysis to investigate the evolving structure and temporal dynamics of the global trade network. The second chapter conducts counterfactual analyses to determine whether shifts in the WTN structure are attributable to the China shock or financial crises. The third chapter explores the correlation between China's increasing prominence in the global trade network and the economic standing of other countries, focusing on their trade positions and income levels. This PhD work aims to provide a comprehensive view of the WTN from 1995 to the present, covering periods of financial downturns and China’s deeper integration into global trade, while also demonstrating how these structural changes are linked to the rise of emerging economies, particularly China, and their impact on the average incomes of other countries. This dissertation aims to make contributions to the field by advancing methodologies, leveraging comprehensive data, and delivering novel results. Methodologically, it combines network analysis with statistical techniques, offering a sophisticated alternative to traditional methods, particularly suited to the complexities of global trade network. The research employs the most extensive dataset available, both in terms of temporal and geographical coverage, enabling a detailed examination of current trends and long-term dynamics within the trade network. The findings go beyond existing literature by providing a clearer and more nuanced understanding of global trade, with specific insights into structural changes linked to China's deepening integration into the world economy. Additionally, the study highlights the impact of China's rise on the trade positions and economic outcomes, such as GDP, of other countries, particularly small and medium-sized economies. Methodologically, this research employs sophisticated network analysis techniques to chart the evolution of trade networks and their economic implications over time. Specifically applied to international trade networks, the findings are rigorously interpreted through economic analysis to evaluate their significance for economic agents. By integrating both statistical and network methods, this dissertation provides a comprehensive examination of WTN from a multidimensional perspective, utilizing extensive temporal and geographical data, which contributes to the thesis’s novelty. The insights gained are highly relevant to policymakers and stakeholders, providing a clear understanding of WTN dynamics. This understanding enables the formulation of precise and well-informed strategies tailored to nations’ unique circumstances. The interdisciplinary approach, which integrates data analysis with economic models, enables countries to gain a comprehensive understanding of their relative positions and formulate informed policies regarding potential trading partners. Additionally, it elucidates the mechanisms that transform quality trade links into income. This collaborative effort can yield significant original results, advancing knowledge on these critical issues.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/234427