This thesis explores the evolving landscape of vehicle-grid integration (VGI), examining the technological advancements and business models driving the possibility of integrating electric vehicles into the grid as distributed energy resources. The research provides an overview of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology and smart charging, including their potential to optimize energy consumption, enhance grid stability, and create new revenue streams. Through a systematic review of academic literature and industry case studies, the thesis identifies key stakeholders in the VGI ecosystem, analyzes their roles and interactions, and classifies the dominant business models shaping the VGI ecosystem. These models include aggregator-based models, energy service company (ESCO) models, and fleet operator models, each of which offering distinct approaches to integrating EVs into the grid and the energy markets. By examining real-world European V2G projects, such as V2Market, Flexitanie, and EVVE, the thesis provides empirical evidence of the potential and limitations of different V2G business models under diverse operational contexts. The findings highlight the importance of stakeholder collaboration, technological innovation, and regulatory support in driving the successful integration of EVs into the energy infrastructure. The thesis concludes by emphasizing the transformative role of V2G in shaping a more resilient, flexible, and sustainable energy future, positioning electric vehicles as a cornerstone of the clean energy transition.
Questa tesi esplora il panorama in evoluzione dell'integrazione veicolo-rete (VGI), esaminando i progressi tecnologici e i modelli di business che guidano la possibilità di integrare i veicoli elettrici nella rete come risorse energetiche distribuite. La ricerca fornisce una panoramica della tecnologia vehicle-to-grid (V2G) e della ricarica intelligente, compreso il loro potenziale per ottimizzare il consumo energetico, migliorare la stabilità della rete e creare nuovi flussi di reddito. Attraverso una revisione sistematica della literatura accademica e dei casi di studio del settore, la tesi identifica i principali stakeholder dell'ecosistema VGI, analizza i loro ruoli e le loro interazioni e classifica i modelli di business dominanti che danno forma all'ecosistema VGI. Questi modelli includono modelli basati su aggregatori, modelli di società di servizi energetici (ESCO) e modelli di operatori di flotte, ciascuno dei quali propone un approccio distinto all'integrazione dei veicoli elettrici nella rete e nei mercati energetici. L'analisi di progetti europei V2G reali, quali V2Market, Flexitanie ed EVVE, fornisce prove empiriche del potenziale e dei limiti dei diversi modelli di business V2G in contesti operativi diversificati.I risultati evidenziano l'importanza della collaborazione tra gli stakeholder, dell'innovazione tecnologica e del supporto normativo per il successo dell'integrazione dei veicoli elettrici nell'infrastruttura energetica. La tesi si conclude sottolineando il ruolo trasformativo del V2G nel plasmare un futuro energetico più resiliente, flessibile e sostenibile, posizionando i veicoli elettrici come pietra angolare della transizione energetica pulita.
Business models for vehicle-grid integration: a literature review and european case studies
Rodrig Dekordevi, Ilker
2023/2024
Abstract
This thesis explores the evolving landscape of vehicle-grid integration (VGI), examining the technological advancements and business models driving the possibility of integrating electric vehicles into the grid as distributed energy resources. The research provides an overview of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology and smart charging, including their potential to optimize energy consumption, enhance grid stability, and create new revenue streams. Through a systematic review of academic literature and industry case studies, the thesis identifies key stakeholders in the VGI ecosystem, analyzes their roles and interactions, and classifies the dominant business models shaping the VGI ecosystem. These models include aggregator-based models, energy service company (ESCO) models, and fleet operator models, each of which offering distinct approaches to integrating EVs into the grid and the energy markets. By examining real-world European V2G projects, such as V2Market, Flexitanie, and EVVE, the thesis provides empirical evidence of the potential and limitations of different V2G business models under diverse operational contexts. The findings highlight the importance of stakeholder collaboration, technological innovation, and regulatory support in driving the successful integration of EVs into the energy infrastructure. The thesis concludes by emphasizing the transformative role of V2G in shaping a more resilient, flexible, and sustainable energy future, positioning electric vehicles as a cornerstone of the clean energy transition.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Business models for vehicle-grid integration: A literature review and European case studies
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/234689