The development of sustainable materials for tyre applications is a key challenge for the rubber industry. In this thesis, materials from natural and circular sources were used to replace conventional, non-renewable and potentially hazardous materials as key components of a tyre compound: elastomer matrix, cross-linking agent, reinforcing filler, and protective compounds against oxidation and ozone attack. This thesis investigates the potential of adducts, biogenic silica from rice husks and sepiolite with compounds of natural origin, as alternative fillers for elastomeric composites. In particular, pyrrolic compounds were used for the preparation of adducts. The organic compounds were synthesised with high yields, avoiding the use of solvents and catalysts, in line with green chemistry principles. Functionalisation was achieved by simple mixing and heat treatment, with high yields confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Compounds of natural origin were used as oxygen and ozone protectors. A compound consisting of sulphur and circular substances was used as an additional reinforcing ingredient in the compounds. In particular, compounds based only on natural, organic and circular ingredients were prepared, achieving mechanical properties, dynamic and static, in line with reference compounds based on traditional ingredients. This thesis demonstrates the possibility of using bio- and circular ingredients for the preparation of elastomeric composites, even for challenging applications such as tyre compounds.
Lo sviluppo di materiali sostenibili per applicazioni nel settore degli pneumatici è una sfida fondamentale per l'industria della gomma. In questa tesi, materiali da fonti naturali e circolari sono stati utilizzati in sostituzione di materiali convenzionali, non rinnovabili e potenzialmente pericolosi, come componenti fondamentali di una mescola per pneumatico: matrice elastomerica, agente reticolante, carica rinforzante, i composti protettivi conto l’ossidazione e l’attacco dell’ozono. Questa tesi indaga il potenziale di addotti, della silice biogenica da lolla di riso e della sepiolite con composti di origine naturale, come filler alternativi per i compositi elastomerici. In particolare, composti pirrolici sono stati utilizzati per la preparazione degli addotti. I composti organici sono stati sintetizzati con alta resa, evitando l’utilizzo di solventi e catalizzatori, in linea con i principi della chimica verde. La funzionalizzazione è stata ottenuta mediante semplice miscelazione e trattamento termico, con rese elevate confermate dall'analisi termogravimetrica (TGA). Composti di origine naturale sono stati utilizzati come protettivi anti ossigeno ed ozono. Un composto formato dallo zolfo e da sostanze circolari è stato utilizzato come ulteriore ingrediente rinforzante delle mescole. In particolare, sono state preparate mescole a base di soli ingredienti o di origine naturale, di origine bio e circolare, ottenendo proprietà meccaniche, statiche e dinamiche, in linea con le mescole di riferimento, a base di ingredienti tradizionali. Questa tesi dimostra la possibilità di utilizzare ingredienti bio- e circolari per la preparazione di compositi elastomerici, anche per applicazioni sfidanti quali quelle in mescole per pneumatici.
Natural and circular elastomer nanocomposites for tires
Azzali, Giulia
2023/2024
Abstract
The development of sustainable materials for tyre applications is a key challenge for the rubber industry. In this thesis, materials from natural and circular sources were used to replace conventional, non-renewable and potentially hazardous materials as key components of a tyre compound: elastomer matrix, cross-linking agent, reinforcing filler, and protective compounds against oxidation and ozone attack. This thesis investigates the potential of adducts, biogenic silica from rice husks and sepiolite with compounds of natural origin, as alternative fillers for elastomeric composites. In particular, pyrrolic compounds were used for the preparation of adducts. The organic compounds were synthesised with high yields, avoiding the use of solvents and catalysts, in line with green chemistry principles. Functionalisation was achieved by simple mixing and heat treatment, with high yields confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Compounds of natural origin were used as oxygen and ozone protectors. A compound consisting of sulphur and circular substances was used as an additional reinforcing ingredient in the compounds. In particular, compounds based only on natural, organic and circular ingredients were prepared, achieving mechanical properties, dynamic and static, in line with reference compounds based on traditional ingredients. This thesis demonstrates the possibility of using bio- and circular ingredients for the preparation of elastomeric composites, even for challenging applications such as tyre compounds.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_04_Azzali_ Executive summary.pdf
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2025_04_Azzali_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/235017