Radiological characterisation is a fundamental step in nuclear decommissioning, providing essential quantitative data on the type,distribution and extent of radioactive contamination. A key challenge in the process is the direct determination of hard-to-measure (HTM) radionuclides, which, due to their decay characteristics, entails a cumbersome sample manipulation. Mo-93 is a prime example of a HTM radionuclide: it is an activation product that decays by electron capture without any measurable γ-ray emissions. Its long half-life and high environmental mobility make it a significant contributor to the long-term radiotoxicity of radioactive waste after disposal. Few radioanalytical methods are available for its determination in various matrices, each involving laborious and time-consuming manipulations, expensive consumables and advanced instrumentation which is often scarcely available. In this experimental work, a new radioanalytical method was developed for determining Mo-93 in AISI type 316 stainless steel, one of the main activated materials derived from decommissioning of reactor components. The proposed method aims at preparing a counting source suitable for x-ray spectrometry by removing matrix elements and Nb-93m. This is in fact one of the major interferents in the determination of Mo-93 since, being its decay product, it shares the same x-ray emission. It can also be directly produced by inelastic neutron scattering. Its effective separation is therefore pivotal for an accurate quantification of Mo-93. The developed method consists in a rapid acid digestion of the sample, followed by precipitation of Fe(OH)3 for matrix elements removal. The counting source is readily prepared by precipitating Mo with a selective ligand and then by vacuum filtration and drying. The performance of the method was evaluated: the chemical yield of Mo reached about 75% and the decontamination factor for Nb was greater than 10^5, conservatively high to achieve an accurate determination of Mo-93. Future developments will address the production of a standard solution of Mo-93, which is not yet commercially available and is necessary for validating the proposed method.
La caratterizzazione radiologica rappresenta un’attività fondamentale del decommissioning, avente come scopo il fornire informazioni quantitative circa la tipologia, la distribuzione e l’estensione della contaminazione radioattiva. Uno degli aspetti chiave di essa riguarda la determinazione dei radionuclidi difficili da misurare la quale, a causa delle loro caratteristiche di emissione, richiede una laboriosa manipolazione del campione. Il Mo-93 è un tipico esempio di radionuclide difficile da misurare: si tratta di un prodotto di attivazione che decade per cattura elettronica, senza emettere radiazione γ misurabile. Il suo lungo tempo di dimezzamento assieme alla sua elevata mobilità fanno si che esso contribuisca significativamente alla radiotossicità a lungo termine dei rifiuti radioattiviti. Attualmente sono disponibili pochi metodi radioanalitici per la sua determinazione, ognuno dei quali richiede manipolazioni laboriose e strumentazione avanzata di scarsa reperibilità. In questo lavoro di tesi è stato sviluppato un metodo radioanaltico per determinare il Mo-93 nell’acciaio inox AISI 316, uno dei principali materiali attivati, erivante dal decommissioning di impianti nucleari. Il metodo ambisce a preparare una sorgente di misura per spettrometria x rimuovendo gli elementi di matrice e il Nb-93m. Esso è difatti uno dei maggiori interferenti nella determinazione del Mo-93, essendo il suo prodotto di decadimento, avendo lo stesso spettro di emissione x ed essendo prodotto per scattering inelastico. Il metodo sviluppato consiste in una rapida dissoluzione acida del campione, seguita dalla precipitazione del Fe(OH)3 per la rimozione degli elementi di matrice. La sorgente di misura viene preparata facendo precipitare il Mo con un legante selettivo e filtrando ed essiccando il residuo. La performance del metodo è stata valutata, ottenendo una resa chimica del Mo del 75% e un fattore di decontaminazione del Nb di circa 10^5, significativamente elevato per ottenere una determinazione accurata del Mo-93. Gli sviluppi futuri prevedono la produzione di una soluzione standard di Mo-93, attualmente non disponibile commercialmente e necessaria per la validazione del metodo qui proposto.
Determination of Mo-93 in stainless steel from nuclear decommissioning: an improved and efficient radioanalytical method
Barattini, Francesco
2023/2024
Abstract
Radiological characterisation is a fundamental step in nuclear decommissioning, providing essential quantitative data on the type,distribution and extent of radioactive contamination. A key challenge in the process is the direct determination of hard-to-measure (HTM) radionuclides, which, due to their decay characteristics, entails a cumbersome sample manipulation. Mo-93 is a prime example of a HTM radionuclide: it is an activation product that decays by electron capture without any measurable γ-ray emissions. Its long half-life and high environmental mobility make it a significant contributor to the long-term radiotoxicity of radioactive waste after disposal. Few radioanalytical methods are available for its determination in various matrices, each involving laborious and time-consuming manipulations, expensive consumables and advanced instrumentation which is often scarcely available. In this experimental work, a new radioanalytical method was developed for determining Mo-93 in AISI type 316 stainless steel, one of the main activated materials derived from decommissioning of reactor components. The proposed method aims at preparing a counting source suitable for x-ray spectrometry by removing matrix elements and Nb-93m. This is in fact one of the major interferents in the determination of Mo-93 since, being its decay product, it shares the same x-ray emission. It can also be directly produced by inelastic neutron scattering. Its effective separation is therefore pivotal for an accurate quantification of Mo-93. The developed method consists in a rapid acid digestion of the sample, followed by precipitation of Fe(OH)3 for matrix elements removal. The counting source is readily prepared by precipitating Mo with a selective ligand and then by vacuum filtration and drying. The performance of the method was evaluated: the chemical yield of Mo reached about 75% and the decontamination factor for Nb was greater than 10^5, conservatively high to achieve an accurate determination of Mo-93. Future developments will address the production of a standard solution of Mo-93, which is not yet commercially available and is necessary for validating the proposed method.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_04_Barattini_Executive_Summary.pdf
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2025_04_Barattini_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/235129