Three-quarters of Italy's territory is made up of mountains and hills, while the remaining portion consists of plains through which the sometimes-turbulent rivers and streams flow. The Italian motorway system is characterized by numerous tunnels, bridges, and viaducts, necessary to cross hills, valleys, and streams. Moreover, in a country where road transport is predominant, the infrastructure, mostly built several decades ago, requires continuous maintenance and frequent repairs to accommodate the heavy usage of the network. The start-up company Hinfra has moved in this direction in the Extruded Tunnel Lining Regeneration project (ETLR), by developing a modular train for the refurbishment of existing tunnels. This machine can create complete sections of tunnel through continuous extrusion, applying a unique blend of fiber-reinforced and fast-setting concrete. This thesis will focus on the characterisation of a series of hardening states of a concrete mix intended for use in the ETLR project. Starting from the fluid phase, in which concrete is pumped and cast into a formwork, the aim is to delineate an adequate failure mode for an intermediate plastic behavior. Additionally, a model will be developed able to accurately replicate the material’s behavior in the early-age stage. At last, the properties of the material in its hardened state will be investigated. An experimental program was designed and conducted to obtain the necessary material properties, which included unconfined uniaxial compression tests and direct shear tests for concrete ages ranging from 45 to 75 minutes after water addition for the mix without retarder, and from 75 to 120 minutes for the mix with retarder. Subsequently, a numerical model was developed to analyze the mechanical behavior of a tunnel lining made of early-age concrete using the time-dependent Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Each phase will be carefully analyzed to establish standardized hardening times that define the transition between phases. This will make it easier to find the progress times of the machines and increase the process's overall efficiency.
Tre quarti del territorio italiano sono costituiti da montagne e colline, mentre la parte restante è costituita da pianure attraverso le quali scorrono fiumi e torrenti a volte turbolenti. Il sistema autostradale italiano è caratterizzato da numerose gallerie, ponti e viadotti, necessari per attraversare colline, valli e torrenti. Inoltre, in un Paese in cui il trasporto su strada è predominante, le infrastrutture, costruite per lo più diversi decenni fa, richiedono una manutenzione continua e riparazioni frequenti per far fronte all'intenso utilizzo della rete. La start-up Hinfra si è mossa in questa direzione nel progetto Extruded Tunnel Lining Regeneration (ETLR), sviluppando un treno modulare per la ristrutturazione di gallerie esistenti. Questa macchina può creare sezioni complete di tunnel attraverso l'estrusione continua, applicando una miscela unica di calcestruzzo fibrorinforzato e a presa rapida. Questa tesi si concentra sulla caratterizzazione di una serie di stati di indurimento di una miscela di calcestruzzo destinata all'uso nel progetto ETLR. Partendo dalla fase fluida, in cui il calcestruzzo viene pompato e gettato in una cassaforma, l'obiettivo è quello di delineare una modalità di rottura adeguata per il comportamento plastico intermedio. Infine, verranno studiate le proprietà del materiale allo stato indurito. Per ottenere le necessarie proprietà dei materiali è stato predisposto ed eseguito un programma sperimentale comprendente prove di compressione uniassiale non confinata e prove di taglio diretto per età del calcestruzzo comprese tra 45 e 75 minuti dopo l'aggiunta dell'acqua per la miscela senza ritardante e tra 75 e 120 minuti per la miscela con ritardante. Successivamente, è stato sviluppato un modello numerico per analizzare il comportamento meccanico di un rivestimento di galleria in calcestruzzo nelle prime fasi di maturazione, utilizzando il criterio di rottura di Mohr-Coulomb in funzione del tempo. Ogni fase sarà analizzata attentamente per stabilire tempi di indurimento standardizzati che definiscono la transizione tra le diverse fasi. In questo modo sarà più facile individuare i tempi di avanzamento delle macchine e aumentare l'efficienza complessiva del processo.
Hardening evolution of fiber-reinforced concrete for tunnel retrofitting : from fresh state to hardened performance: rheology, mechanical properties and numerical modeling
Ferraro, Gloria
2023/2024
Abstract
Three-quarters of Italy's territory is made up of mountains and hills, while the remaining portion consists of plains through which the sometimes-turbulent rivers and streams flow. The Italian motorway system is characterized by numerous tunnels, bridges, and viaducts, necessary to cross hills, valleys, and streams. Moreover, in a country where road transport is predominant, the infrastructure, mostly built several decades ago, requires continuous maintenance and frequent repairs to accommodate the heavy usage of the network. The start-up company Hinfra has moved in this direction in the Extruded Tunnel Lining Regeneration project (ETLR), by developing a modular train for the refurbishment of existing tunnels. This machine can create complete sections of tunnel through continuous extrusion, applying a unique blend of fiber-reinforced and fast-setting concrete. This thesis will focus on the characterisation of a series of hardening states of a concrete mix intended for use in the ETLR project. Starting from the fluid phase, in which concrete is pumped and cast into a formwork, the aim is to delineate an adequate failure mode for an intermediate plastic behavior. Additionally, a model will be developed able to accurately replicate the material’s behavior in the early-age stage. At last, the properties of the material in its hardened state will be investigated. An experimental program was designed and conducted to obtain the necessary material properties, which included unconfined uniaxial compression tests and direct shear tests for concrete ages ranging from 45 to 75 minutes after water addition for the mix without retarder, and from 75 to 120 minutes for the mix with retarder. Subsequently, a numerical model was developed to analyze the mechanical behavior of a tunnel lining made of early-age concrete using the time-dependent Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Each phase will be carefully analyzed to establish standardized hardening times that define the transition between phases. This will make it easier to find the progress times of the machines and increase the process's overall efficiency.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/235315