In recent years, Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) has become the preferred course of action in many procedures, due to its several advantages compared to open-chest surgery, such as limited surgical trauma, shorter hospitalizations and increased recovery speed. TransSeptal Puncture (TSP) is a common procedure to access the left atrium, by puncturing the interatrial septum from the right atrium. It is used in several percutaneous interventions, like mitral valve repair, atrial fibrillation ablation, and left atrial appendage occlusion. TSP is performed by inserting a transseptal kit through the venous system after femoral access to reach the right atrium. Then, the Fossa Ovalis (FO) is identified and the puncture is performed. The FO represents the optimal position of puncture, as it is the thinnest part of the interatrial septum. Although rare, complications of TSP, increased when less experienced surgeons perform the procedure, include cardiac tamponade, and aortic perforation. Moreover, fluoroscopic guidance, used to drive the needle, exposes professionals to radiation-induced hazards. Robotic systems have the potential to limit the operator variability between procedures, and reduce radiation exposure, highly increasing the safety of the procedure. This work initially compared an impedance control strategy to a direct force one, by performing TSP in a vertical setup on a silicon-based FO model. The impedance control strategy produced superior results of performance metrics, and was therefore used in a more realistic TSP setup. Resembling the manual procedure, the robot first navigated between points on the interatrial septum and identified the FO, using force feedback, and then punctured the FO. Three different silicon-based FO anatomies were developed, to validate the robotic approach, with experiments conducted at three different velocities. If compared with literature, results show that the robotic system can perform safe and reproducible punctures under different anatomical conditions. This represents a promising step towards full automation of TSP and improved safety of cardiac MIS.
Negli ultimi anni, la chirurgia mini-invasiva è diventata la prima scelta in molte procedure, grazie ai vantaggi rispetto alla chirurgia a cuore aperto, come ridotto trauma chirurgico, degenze più brevi e veloce recupero dei pazienti. La puntura transettale, impiegata in procedure percutanee come riparazione della valvola mitrale e ablazione per fibrillazione atriale, consente l'accesso all'atrio sinistro, pungendo il setto interatriale dall'atrio destro. La puntura si effettua avanzando un kit transettale, dopo accesso femorale, fino all'atrio destro. La Fossa Ovalis (FO) viene quindi identificata e punta. La FO è il punto ottimale di puntura, essendo la parte più sottile del setto interatriale. Sebbene rare e più frequenti con chirurghi meno esperti, le complicanze della puntura transettale includono il tamponamento cardiaco e la perforazione aortica. Inoltre, la guida del kit tramite fluoroscopia espone i medici a grandi dosi di radiazioni. I sistemi robotici possono limitare la variabilità tra diversi operatori e ridurre l'esposizione a radiazioni, aumentando notevolmente la sicurezza dell'intervento. Inizialmente, due strategie di controllo, una ad impedenza e una in forza, sono state confrontate eseguendo una puntura transettale in un setup verticale. Il controllo ad impedenza ha prodotto risultati migliori, per cui è stato adottato in un setup più realistico. Rispecchiando la procedura manuale, il robot naviga tra diversi punti sul setto interatriale, identificando la FO grazie ad un feedback in forza, per poi effettuare la puntura. Tre diverse anatomie della FO sono state realizzate in silicone per validare l'approccio robotico, con esperimenti condotti a tre differenti velocità. Dal confronto con la letteratura, il sistema robotico risulta in grado di eseguire punture sicure e riproducibili in diverse condizioni anatomiche. Di conseguenza, il sistema rappresenta un primo passo verso l'automazione completa della puntura transettale e il miglioramento della sicurezza nella chirurgia mini-invasiva cardiaca.
Autonomous robotic transseptal puncture for enhanced cardiac minimally invasive surgery
Pollini, Eleonora
2023/2024
Abstract
In recent years, Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) has become the preferred course of action in many procedures, due to its several advantages compared to open-chest surgery, such as limited surgical trauma, shorter hospitalizations and increased recovery speed. TransSeptal Puncture (TSP) is a common procedure to access the left atrium, by puncturing the interatrial septum from the right atrium. It is used in several percutaneous interventions, like mitral valve repair, atrial fibrillation ablation, and left atrial appendage occlusion. TSP is performed by inserting a transseptal kit through the venous system after femoral access to reach the right atrium. Then, the Fossa Ovalis (FO) is identified and the puncture is performed. The FO represents the optimal position of puncture, as it is the thinnest part of the interatrial septum. Although rare, complications of TSP, increased when less experienced surgeons perform the procedure, include cardiac tamponade, and aortic perforation. Moreover, fluoroscopic guidance, used to drive the needle, exposes professionals to radiation-induced hazards. Robotic systems have the potential to limit the operator variability between procedures, and reduce radiation exposure, highly increasing the safety of the procedure. This work initially compared an impedance control strategy to a direct force one, by performing TSP in a vertical setup on a silicon-based FO model. The impedance control strategy produced superior results of performance metrics, and was therefore used in a more realistic TSP setup. Resembling the manual procedure, the robot first navigated between points on the interatrial septum and identified the FO, using force feedback, and then punctured the FO. Three different silicon-based FO anatomies were developed, to validate the robotic approach, with experiments conducted at three different velocities. If compared with literature, results show that the robotic system can perform safe and reproducible punctures under different anatomical conditions. This represents a promising step towards full automation of TSP and improved safety of cardiac MIS.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_04_Pollini_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/235441