This thesis explores the environmental and social challenges posed by the modern footwear industry and examines potential pathways toward more sustainable production and consumption. Beginning with an analysis of the fast fashion model, it highlights how globalized manufacturing, reliance on petrochemical inputs, and rapid consumer turnover contribute to resource depletion, climate change, and material waste. A detailed examination of the textile and footwear value chains further illustrates how high energy usage, toxic pollutants and transportation requirements raise significant environmental and socio-economic concerns; particularly affecting those in developing countries which carry most of the production burdens. On a regulatory level, the research investigates existing and emerging policy frameworks, most notably within the European Union, that aim to move the footwear sector toward a circular economy. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes, mandatory waste collection systems, and forthcoming regulations under the Eco Design for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) signal a shift in design standards that emphasize durability, reparability, and lower carbon footprints. Though promising, these measures face critical barriers, including industry inertia, the rebound effect and entrenched consumer habits favoring quick, disposable fashion. Consumer behavior emerges as both an obstacle and a catalyst for sustainable change. Sociological and psychological drivers such as identity expression, status signaling, and aesthetic preference often override environmental considerations. Even so, the rise of secondhand marketplaces, community repair initiatives, and broader social awareness reveal growing opportunities for individuals to reduce waste and lessen their carbon footprint. Drawing on interviews with recycling and waste-management experts, the final chapters examine the technological and logistical hurdles in sorting and disassembling end-of-life footwear. These steps are essential for reclaiming materials for reuse, thereby reducing reliance on newly produced materials (a major driver of climate change and ecosystem degradation). Footwear is inherently complex, containing multiple layers, strong adhesives, and a wide range of types, sizes, and construction methods. This complexity makes efficient, cost-effective breakdown especially challenging. To address these issues, Re.SOLEX is introduced as a decentralized, semi-automated sorting system, designed to manage diverse shoe types. By employing a grip-and-pull mechanism combined with heat-based adhesive softening, Re.SOLEX efficiently separates cemented, Strobel, and cup-sole models, minimizing contamination and facilitating downstream recycling. Meanwhile, shoes requiring cutting such as vulcanized, injection-molded, or stitched cupsole constructions are diverted to alternative processes. Although the development of these cutting stations lies outside the scope of this thesis, they represent a promising area for future development and exploration.
Questa tesi esplora le sfide ambientali e sociali poste dall’industria calzaturiera moderna ed esamina possibili percorsi verso una produzione e un consumo più sostenibili. A partire dall’analisi del modello del fast fashion, si evidenzia come la produzione globalizzata, la dipendenza da input petrolchimici e il rapido ricambio dei consumatori contribuiscano all’esaurimento delle risorse, ai cambiamenti climatici e allo smaltimento di grandi quantità di materiali. Un esame dettagliato delle filiere tessile e calzaturiera mostra inoltre come l’elevato consumo di energia, la presenza di inquinanti tossici e gli oneri di trasporto generino preoccupazioni ambientali e socio-economiche di rilievo, soprattutto a scapito dei Paesi in via di sviluppo su cui si concentra gran parte della produzione. A livello normativo, la ricerca indaga i quadri politici esistenti e in fase di definizione, in particolare all’interno dell’Unione Europea, che mirano a indirizzare il settore calzaturiero verso un’economia circolare. Gli schemi di Responsabilità Estesa del Produttore (EPR), l’obbligatorietà dei sistemi di raccolta dei rifiuti e le imminenti regolamentazioni previste dall’Eco Design for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) indicano un cambiamento degli standard di progettazione a favore di maggiore durabilità, riparabilità e ridotte emissioni di carbonio. Sebbene promettenti, tali misure si confrontano con ostacoli rilevanti, tra cui l’inerzia industriale, l’effetto rimbalzo e abitudini di consumo radicate che privilegiano la moda rapida e usa-e-getta. Il comportamento dei consumatori rappresenta al tempo stesso un ostacolo e un motore di cambiamento verso la sostenibilità. Spinte sociologiche e psicologiche quali l’espressione dell’identità, l’affermazione di status e la preferenza estetica spesso prevalgono sulle considerazioni ambientali. Ciononostante, la crescita dei mercati dell’usato, le iniziative di riparazione comunitaria e una più ampia consapevolezza sociale evidenziano opportunità crescenti affinché i singoli individui riducano gli sprechi e limitino la propria impronta di carbonio. Sulla base di interviste con esperti di riciclaggio e gestione dei rifiuti, i capitoli finali esaminano gli ostacoli tecnologici e logistici legati alla selezione e allo smontaggio delle calzature a fine vita. Questi processi risultano fondamentali per recuperare materiali destinabili al riuso, così da ridurre la dipendenza da materie prime di nuova produzione (un fattore determinante dei cambiamenti climatici e del degrado degli ecosistemi). Le calzature sono intrinsecamente complesse, costituite da strati multipli, adesivi ad alta tenuta e un’ampia varietà di tipologie, taglie e metodi costruttivi. Tale complessità rende la fase di smontaggio rapido ed economicamente efficiente particolarmente impegnativa. Per affrontare queste criticità, si presenta Re.SOLEX quale sistema di smistamento decentralizzato e semi-automatizzato, concepito per gestire diversi tipi di calzature. Grazie a un meccanismo di presa e trazione combinato con un processo di ammorbidimento termico degli adesivi, Re.SOLEX riesce a separare in modo efficiente modelli cementati, Strobel e cup-sole, riducendo la contaminazione e agevolando il riciclo nelle fasi successive. Nel frattempo, le calzature che richiedono il taglio, come quelle vulcanizzate, a iniezione o con cup-sole cucito sono destinate a processi alternativi. Sebbene lo sviluppo di tali stazioni di taglio vada oltre l’ambito di questa tesi, esso costituisce una prospettiva promettente per futuri approfondimenti.
Re.SOLEX : designing a systemic solution to enhance circularity in post-consumer footwear
Lis, Anna Maria
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis explores the environmental and social challenges posed by the modern footwear industry and examines potential pathways toward more sustainable production and consumption. Beginning with an analysis of the fast fashion model, it highlights how globalized manufacturing, reliance on petrochemical inputs, and rapid consumer turnover contribute to resource depletion, climate change, and material waste. A detailed examination of the textile and footwear value chains further illustrates how high energy usage, toxic pollutants and transportation requirements raise significant environmental and socio-economic concerns; particularly affecting those in developing countries which carry most of the production burdens. On a regulatory level, the research investigates existing and emerging policy frameworks, most notably within the European Union, that aim to move the footwear sector toward a circular economy. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes, mandatory waste collection systems, and forthcoming regulations under the Eco Design for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR) signal a shift in design standards that emphasize durability, reparability, and lower carbon footprints. Though promising, these measures face critical barriers, including industry inertia, the rebound effect and entrenched consumer habits favoring quick, disposable fashion. Consumer behavior emerges as both an obstacle and a catalyst for sustainable change. Sociological and psychological drivers such as identity expression, status signaling, and aesthetic preference often override environmental considerations. Even so, the rise of secondhand marketplaces, community repair initiatives, and broader social awareness reveal growing opportunities for individuals to reduce waste and lessen their carbon footprint. Drawing on interviews with recycling and waste-management experts, the final chapters examine the technological and logistical hurdles in sorting and disassembling end-of-life footwear. These steps are essential for reclaiming materials for reuse, thereby reducing reliance on newly produced materials (a major driver of climate change and ecosystem degradation). Footwear is inherently complex, containing multiple layers, strong adhesives, and a wide range of types, sizes, and construction methods. This complexity makes efficient, cost-effective breakdown especially challenging. To address these issues, Re.SOLEX is introduced as a decentralized, semi-automated sorting system, designed to manage diverse shoe types. By employing a grip-and-pull mechanism combined with heat-based adhesive softening, Re.SOLEX efficiently separates cemented, Strobel, and cup-sole models, minimizing contamination and facilitating downstream recycling. Meanwhile, shoes requiring cutting such as vulcanized, injection-molded, or stitched cupsole constructions are diverted to alternative processes. Although the development of these cutting stations lies outside the scope of this thesis, they represent a promising area for future development and exploration.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/235622