Delays in construction projects frequently lead to protracted disputes concerning Extensions of Time (EOT) and financial liabilities. In many cases, delay events caused by both the employer and the contractor result in overlapping impacts on the project’s critical path, creating what are known as concurrent delays. However, the lack of a universal definition of concurrency leads to great uncertainty when disputes arise, increasing costs and eroding trust among stakeholders. This study investigates the legal treatment of concurrent delays, focusing on how contractual clauses, legal principles, and forensic delay analysis combine to determine EOT and financial compensation entitlements. A multiple-case study design was employed, and the analysis was operationalised through a set of legal tests that were systematically applied to each case. The findings highlight various patterns. First, disputes consistently show a lack of precise provisions to address concurrent delays, which forces courts to apply broad legal doctrines and leads to unpredictable outcomes. Second, robust forensic delay evidence proves fundamental to successful EOT claims. However, even when the contractor secures additional time, financial compensation is not guaranteed unless losses can be unequivocally attributed to employer-caused delays. Third, courts typically adopt a binary (all-or-nothing) approach to dispute resolution, while partial apportionment is almost never applied. Finally, the study proposes strategies to mitigate disputes and improve predictability. Most importantly, explicit concurrency clauses that establish thresholds for awarding EOT and for apportioning losses can substantially reduce ambiguous interpretations of legal principles. Overall, the study concludes that targeted improvements in contract drafting and project management practices can significantly reduce uncertainties in the treatment of concurrent delays. This would allow stakeholders to progressively refine their understanding of concurrency issues and adopt more proactive measures to avoid them or at least limit their impact.
I ritardi nei progetti costruttivi portano spesso a controversie riguardo alle cosiddette “Extensions of Time” (EOT) e alle compensazioni economiche. In molti casi, ritardi causati sia dal committente sia dall’appaltatore portano a impatti concomitanti sul percorso critico, generando i cosiddetti “Concurrent Delays”. Tuttavia, la mancanza di una definizione univoca degli stessi porta a forte incertezza in caso di controversie legali, aumentando i costi ed erodendo la fiducia tra gli stakeholder. Questo studio indaga il trattamento legale dei Concurrent Delays, focalizzandosi su come clausole contrattuali, principi legali e analisi forense dei ritardi si combinino nella risoluzione delle controversie. L’approccio è di tipo “multiple-case study”, e l’analisi è strutturata attraverso una serie di “Legal Test”, sistematicamente applicati a ciascun caso. I risultati evidenziano diversi pattern. In primis, le controversie dimostrano la mancanza di disposizioni precise sui Concurrent Delays, forzando i tribunali ad applicare dottrine legali generiche. In aggiunta, prove solide che dimostrino i ritardi si rivelano fondamentali per il successo delle richieste di EOT. Tuttavia, anche quando l’appaltatore ottiene una EOT, il risarcimento economico non è garantito se le perdite non sono strettamente attribuite a ritardi causati dal committente. Infine, i tribunali adottano un approccio binario (“tutto o niente”), mentre la ripartizione proporzionale della colpa non viene quasi mai applicata. Lo studio propone anche delle strategie per ridurre le controversie e aumentarne la prevedibilità. Clausole esplicite sui Concurrent Delays, con criteri per l’assegnazione delle EOT e della compensazione economica, ridurrebbero notevolmente le ambiguità nell’interpretazione dei principi legali. Infatti, lo studio conclude che miglioramenti nella redazione dei contratti e nelle pratiche di project management ridurrebbero in modo significativo le incertezze sui Concurrent Delays. Ciò consentirebbe agli stakeholder di comprendere meglio le problematiche legate a tali ritardi e di adottare misure più proattive per evitarli o quantomeno limitarne l’impatto.
Forensic delay analysis: a critical examination of judicial approaches to concurrent delays in construction law
Clari, Cristiano
2024/2025
Abstract
Delays in construction projects frequently lead to protracted disputes concerning Extensions of Time (EOT) and financial liabilities. In many cases, delay events caused by both the employer and the contractor result in overlapping impacts on the project’s critical path, creating what are known as concurrent delays. However, the lack of a universal definition of concurrency leads to great uncertainty when disputes arise, increasing costs and eroding trust among stakeholders. This study investigates the legal treatment of concurrent delays, focusing on how contractual clauses, legal principles, and forensic delay analysis combine to determine EOT and financial compensation entitlements. A multiple-case study design was employed, and the analysis was operationalised through a set of legal tests that were systematically applied to each case. The findings highlight various patterns. First, disputes consistently show a lack of precise provisions to address concurrent delays, which forces courts to apply broad legal doctrines and leads to unpredictable outcomes. Second, robust forensic delay evidence proves fundamental to successful EOT claims. However, even when the contractor secures additional time, financial compensation is not guaranteed unless losses can be unequivocally attributed to employer-caused delays. Third, courts typically adopt a binary (all-or-nothing) approach to dispute resolution, while partial apportionment is almost never applied. Finally, the study proposes strategies to mitigate disputes and improve predictability. Most importantly, explicit concurrency clauses that establish thresholds for awarding EOT and for apportioning losses can substantially reduce ambiguous interpretations of legal principles. Overall, the study concludes that targeted improvements in contract drafting and project management practices can significantly reduce uncertainties in the treatment of concurrent delays. This would allow stakeholders to progressively refine their understanding of concurrency issues and adopt more proactive measures to avoid them or at least limit their impact.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_04_Clari_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/235723