Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are power generation devices that use the chemical energy of hydrogen or other fuels to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. The aim of this thesis, in particular, is to experimentally investigate a SOFC stack fed by ammonia. Several tests have been carried out at temperatures from 690 to 750 ºC to compare the device performance using ammonia as inlet fuel against that using hydrogen or a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen (3:1 molar basis). The obtained polarization curves showed similar performances for hydrogen and the mixture, while that of ammonia presents a lower performance and deviates from the rest as temperature increases. The electrical efficiency ranges from 45.0 to 51.4% at full load, with ammonia being the most efficient fuel. If an ideal case where external cracking does not have any additional energy consumption is considered, these values can reach up to 52.3%. Finally, the anode gas recirculation has been simulated with different hydrogen-nitrogen mixtures to analyze its effect on the stack performance and the electrical efficiency. Performance decreases as the recirculation factor increases, while the electrical efficiency ranges from 29.4 to 66.7% in the studied cases, showing an exponential increase at partial load. If the previous ideal case is again considered, these values can reach up to 75.8%, concluding that the values that could be reached with ammonia are in this same order of magnitude. The results of this thesis confirm the feasibility of ammonia as inlet fuel for SOFCs, showing higher electrical efficiencies than those of hydrogen at the expense of lowering the performance.
Le celle a combustibile a ossidi solidi (SOFC) sono dispositivi che generano energia utilizzando l'energia chimica dell'idrogeno o di altri combustibili per produrre elettricità in modo pulito ed efficiente. L’obiettivo di questa tesi sperimentale è quello di analizzare le performance di uno stack SOFC alimentato con ammoniaca. Durante la campagna test sono stati condotti diversi test, in un range di temperatura compreso tra 690 e 750 ºC e con diverse miscele di combustibile, tra cui idrogeno, una miscela di idrogeno-azoto con stechiometria uguale a quella dell’ammoniaca (3:1 base molare) e infine ammoniaca, in modo da mappare le prestazioni dello stack. Le curve di polarizzazione ottenute mostrano prestazioni simili quando utilizzato idrogeno o miscela, mentre se alimentato ad ammoniaca presenta prestazioni leggermente inferiori e si discostandosi maggiormente con l’aumentare della temperatura. L'efficienza elettrica varia dal 45.0 al 51.4% a pieno carico, con l'ammoniaca che si dimostra come combustibile più efficiente. Considerando un caso ideale in cui il cracking esterno non comporta alcun consumo energetico aggiuntivo, questi valori possono raggiungere il 52.3%. Infine, il ricircolo del gas anodico è stato simulato con diverse miscele idrogeno-azoto in modo da analizzare il suo effetto sulle prestazioni del dispositivo e sull'efficienza elettrica. Le prestazioni diminuiscono all'aumentare del fattore di ricircolo, mentre l'efficienza elettrica varia dal 29.4 al 66.7% nei casi studiati, mostrando un aumento esponenziale a carico parziale. Considerando il caso ideale precedente, questi valori raggiungono un massimo di 75.8%. Ciò porta alla conclusione che i valori raggiungibili utilizzando l'ammoniaca sono comparabili e dello stesso ordine di grandezza. I risultati di questa tesi confermano la validità dell’ammoniaca come combustibile per le SOFC, mostrando efficienze elettriche superiori a quelle dell'idrogeno a discapito di una riduzione delle prestazioni.
Experimental characterization of direct ammonia solid oxide fuel cell for stationary application
ARMARIO BERNABÉ, ÒSCAR
2024/2025
Abstract
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are power generation devices that use the chemical energy of hydrogen or other fuels to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. The aim of this thesis, in particular, is to experimentally investigate a SOFC stack fed by ammonia. Several tests have been carried out at temperatures from 690 to 750 ºC to compare the device performance using ammonia as inlet fuel against that using hydrogen or a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen (3:1 molar basis). The obtained polarization curves showed similar performances for hydrogen and the mixture, while that of ammonia presents a lower performance and deviates from the rest as temperature increases. The electrical efficiency ranges from 45.0 to 51.4% at full load, with ammonia being the most efficient fuel. If an ideal case where external cracking does not have any additional energy consumption is considered, these values can reach up to 52.3%. Finally, the anode gas recirculation has been simulated with different hydrogen-nitrogen mixtures to analyze its effect on the stack performance and the electrical efficiency. Performance decreases as the recirculation factor increases, while the electrical efficiency ranges from 29.4 to 66.7% in the studied cases, showing an exponential increase at partial load. If the previous ideal case is again considered, these values can reach up to 75.8%, concluding that the values that could be reached with ammonia are in this same order of magnitude. The results of this thesis confirm the feasibility of ammonia as inlet fuel for SOFCs, showing higher electrical efficiencies than those of hydrogen at the expense of lowering the performance.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/235942