This thesis is part of a broader project in collaboration with the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute (Milan) based on the DYSPA system, a neuro-motor assessment tool that utilizes kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic (EMG) measures to quantitatively evaluate motor impairment in paediatric patients with hypertonic movement disorders. The project involved subjects with primary or secondary forms of dystonia, spasticity, or mixed disorders. A total of 29 patients aged 5 to 20 years (11 females and 18 males, age = 12 ± 3.84), along with 11 age-matched healthy controls (5 females and 6 males, age = 10.91 ± 3.37), participated in the study. Data were collected during functional tasks (gait for lower limbs, and reaching, finger tapping, or figure-8 writing), as well as during passive stretches performed by an operator, as described in the HAT (Hypertonia Assessment Tool) and Tardieu clinical scales. The analysis of these data allowed for the extraction of specific variables and indices, such as spatiotemporal parameters, movement smoothness indicators, and muscular activity indices, which allowed a more precise and objective assessment. This thesis marked the first enrollment of spastic subjects and the development of new protocols for the extraction of significant parameters from both active tasks and passive manipulations. In particular, pathology indicators were extracted from the instrumented clinical scales: for dystonia by analyzing the involuntary movements, while for spasticity by exploiting its velocity-dependent characteristics. Statistical analyses, including Shapiro-Wilk tests for normality, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests for group comparisons, and two-sample t-tests for paired comparisons, were conducted to identify significant differences between groups. The results revealed significant differences in various lower and upper limb parameters, particularly between dystonic subjects and controls. Regarding spasticity, the most interesting indicators were the Spasticity Angle and the Spasticity Grade, derived from the instrumented Tardieu scale, which neurologists recognized as subclinical signs of spasticity. These findings support the DYSPA system as a valuable tool for assessing children with dystonia and spasticity, providing an objective evaluation of motor impairment and revealing aspects of the disorder not captured by clinical examination, thus supporting diagnosis and treatment. Nonetheless, limitations such as small sample size and great data variability are acknowledged. Future recommendations include expanding the subject pool, with potential subdivisions by age, and developing a shorter, simpler protocol based on instrumented clinical scales, making this method accessible even to non-ambulatory patients, since these approaches would contribute to a deeper understanding of dystonia and spasticity in pediatric populations.
Questa tesi è parte di un progetto più ampio svolto in collaborazione con l’Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (Milano) basato sul sistema DYSPA, uno strumento per la valutazione neuro-motoria che impiega misure cinematiche, cinetiche ed elettromiografiche (EMG) per valutare quantitativamente la compromissione a livello motorio in pazienti pediatrici affetti da disturbi ipertonici del movimento. I soggetti coinvolti nel progetto presentano distonia primaria o secondaria, spasticità o disturbi misti con manifestazioni di entrambe le condizioni. Allo studio hanno partecipato 29 pazienti di età compresa tra 5 e 20 anni (11 F e 18 M, età = 12 ± 3.84), insieme a 11 controlli sani di età comparabile (5 F e 6 M, età = 10.91 ± 3.37). I dati sono stati raccolti durante l’esecuzione di azioni funzionali (il cammino per gli arti inferiori, il reaching, il tapping con le dita o la scrittura per gli arti superiori), ma anche durante manipolazioni passive eseguite da un operatore sul soggetto, come descritto nelle scale cliniche HAT (Hypertonia Assessment Tool) e Tardieu. L'analisi di questi dati ha permesso di estrarre variabili e indici specifici, ad esempio legati ai parametri spaziotemporali del ciclo del passo, alla fluidità del movimento, e all’attività muscolare, che contribuiscono ad una valutazione più precisa e obiettiva del disturbo motorio. Durante lo svolgimento di questa tesi sono stati acquisiti i primi soggetti spastici e sono stati sviluppati nuovi protocolli per l’estrazione di parametri significativi sia dalle prove attive che dalle manipolazioni passive. In particolare, indicatori di patologia sono stati estratti dai dati delle scale cliniche strumentate: per la distonia analizzando la presenza di movimenti involontari, mentre per la spasticità sfruttando la sua caratteristica di dipendenza dalla velocità. Un’analisi statistica è stata condotta usando test di Shapiro-Wilk per la normalità, ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis per i confronti tra gruppi e i t-test a due campioni per i confronti appaiati, al fine di identificare differenze significative tra i gruppi. I risultati hanno rivelato differenze significative in vari parametri dell’arto inferiore e dell’arto superiore, in particolare tra i soggetti distonici e i controlli. Per la spasticità, gli indicatori più affidabili sono risultati essere l’Angolo di Spasticità e il Grado di Spasticità, derivati dai dati legati alla scala clinica Tardieu, e riconosciuti dai neurologi come marcatori subclinici di spasticità. Questi risultati supportano il sistema DYSPA come un valido strumento per la valutazione dei bambini con distonia e spasticità, fornendo una valutazione oggettiva del deficit motorio e rivelando aspetti del disturbo non catturati dalla valutazione clinica, supportando così la diagnosi e il trattamento. Tuttavia, questo progetto presenta delle limitazioni, come il campione di dimensioni ridotte e l'elevata variabilità dei dati. Le raccomandazioni future includono l'espansione del campione, possibilmente con suddivisioni per età, e lo sviluppo di un protocollo più semplice e breve basato su scale cliniche strumentate, rendendo questa valutazione accessibile anche ai pazienti non deambulanti, al fine di ottenere una comprensione più profonda della distonia e della spasticità nelle popolazioni pediatriche.
The DYSPA system: a clinically viable neuro-motor assessment for children with dystonia and spasticity
Piccioni, Isabella
2023/2024
Abstract
This thesis is part of a broader project in collaboration with the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute (Milan) based on the DYSPA system, a neuro-motor assessment tool that utilizes kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic (EMG) measures to quantitatively evaluate motor impairment in paediatric patients with hypertonic movement disorders. The project involved subjects with primary or secondary forms of dystonia, spasticity, or mixed disorders. A total of 29 patients aged 5 to 20 years (11 females and 18 males, age = 12 ± 3.84), along with 11 age-matched healthy controls (5 females and 6 males, age = 10.91 ± 3.37), participated in the study. Data were collected during functional tasks (gait for lower limbs, and reaching, finger tapping, or figure-8 writing), as well as during passive stretches performed by an operator, as described in the HAT (Hypertonia Assessment Tool) and Tardieu clinical scales. The analysis of these data allowed for the extraction of specific variables and indices, such as spatiotemporal parameters, movement smoothness indicators, and muscular activity indices, which allowed a more precise and objective assessment. This thesis marked the first enrollment of spastic subjects and the development of new protocols for the extraction of significant parameters from both active tasks and passive manipulations. In particular, pathology indicators were extracted from the instrumented clinical scales: for dystonia by analyzing the involuntary movements, while for spasticity by exploiting its velocity-dependent characteristics. Statistical analyses, including Shapiro-Wilk tests for normality, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests for group comparisons, and two-sample t-tests for paired comparisons, were conducted to identify significant differences between groups. The results revealed significant differences in various lower and upper limb parameters, particularly between dystonic subjects and controls. Regarding spasticity, the most interesting indicators were the Spasticity Angle and the Spasticity Grade, derived from the instrumented Tardieu scale, which neurologists recognized as subclinical signs of spasticity. These findings support the DYSPA system as a valuable tool for assessing children with dystonia and spasticity, providing an objective evaluation of motor impairment and revealing aspects of the disorder not captured by clinical examination, thus supporting diagnosis and treatment. Nonetheless, limitations such as small sample size and great data variability are acknowledged. Future recommendations include expanding the subject pool, with potential subdivisions by age, and developing a shorter, simpler protocol based on instrumented clinical scales, making this method accessible even to non-ambulatory patients, since these approaches would contribute to a deeper understanding of dystonia and spasticity in pediatric populations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_04_Piccioni_Thesis.pdf
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2025_04_Piccioni_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/235947