Water scarcity is an increasing global challenge, driven by climate change, population growth, and unsustainable water consumption. Desalination can be a viable solution to address this issue by providing an alternative water source where natural resources are insufficient. This study aims to identify the countries where desalination is essential and to quantify the amount of desalinated water required to meet demand sustainably. The research is structured around a methodological framework that evaluates three key parameters: renewable water availability, water demand, and actual water use. Countries are classified based on their water balance, distinguishing between those that can meet demand sustainably and those experiencing blue water scarcity (BWS). For the latter, the study estimates the minimum desalinated water volumes required to prevent unsustainable water extraction. Multiple efficiency scenarios for water distribution networks are considered to account for potential improvements in resource management. Beyond water needs, the study also quantifies the energy requirements for desalination, focusing on reverse osmosis (RO), the most energy-efficient and widely adopted technology. Given the high energy consumption of desalination, a key aspect of the analysis is the potential for powering desalination plants through renewable energy sources. The study estimates the land area required for photovoltaic (PV) and agrivoltaics (AV) installations, comparing these spatial demands with the available rainfed cropland suitable for agrivoltaics conversion. The results indicate that while desalination is an effective means of addressing water scarcity, its large energy footprint necessitates sustainable integration with renewable energy. In general, agrivoltaics systems could provide the necessary energy while optimizing land use efficiency. The study highlights the importance of a combined approach, where desalination, renewable energy, and efficient water management strategies work together to ensure long-term water security in regions facing severe water stress.
La scarsità d'acqua è una sfida globale sempre più pressante, alimentata dai cambiamenti climatici, dalla crescita della popolazione e da un consumo idrico insostenibile. La desalinizzazione può rappresentare una soluzione valida per affrontare questo problema, fornendo una fonte alternativa di acqua nelle aree in cui le risorse naturali sono insufficienti. Questo studio mira a identificare i Paesi in cui la desalinizzazione è essenziale e a quantificare il volume di acqua desalinizzata necessario per soddisfare la domanda in modo sostenibile. La ricerca si basa su un quadro metodologico che valuta tre parametri: disponibilità di acqua rinnovabile, domanda idrica e consumo di acqua. I Paesi vengono classificati in base al loro bilancio idrico, distinguendo tra quelli in grado di soddisfare la domanda in modo sostenibile e quelli che affrontano una situazione di scarsità di acqua blu (BWS). Per questi ultimi, lo studio stima il volume di acqua desalinizzata da produrre per evitare un prelievo idrico insostenibile. Vengono considerati diversi scenari di efficienza per le reti di distribuzione dell’acqua, al fine di valutare possibili miglioramenti nella gestione delle risorse. Oltre ai bisogni idrici, lo studio quantifica anche i relativi requisiti energetici, concentrandosi sull’osmosi inversa, la tecnologia più efficiente dal punto di vista energetico e la più adottata. Data l’elevata richiesta di energia per la desalinizzazione, un aspetto chiave dell’analisi è l’uso di fonti rinnovabili per alimentare gli impianti. Lo studio stima l’area necessaria per l’installazione di impianti fotovoltaici e agrivoltaici, confrontando queste esigenze spaziali con la disponibilità di terreni agricoli non irrigati adatti alla conversione in sistemi agrivoltaici. I risultati indicano che, sebbene la desalinizzazione sia un metodo efficace per affrontare la scarsità d’acqua, l’elevata impronta energetica rende necessaria un’integrazione sostenibile con le energie rinnovabili. In generale, i sistemi agrivoltaici possono fornire l’energia necessaria. Lo studio evidenzia l’importanza di un approccio integrato, in cui desalinizzazione, energie rinnovabili e strategie efficienti di gestione dell’acqua lavorano insieme per garantire la sicurezza idrica a lungo termine.
Potential of desalination to sustainably mitigate blue water scarcity
MOSCHINI, STEFANO
2023/2024
Abstract
Water scarcity is an increasing global challenge, driven by climate change, population growth, and unsustainable water consumption. Desalination can be a viable solution to address this issue by providing an alternative water source where natural resources are insufficient. This study aims to identify the countries where desalination is essential and to quantify the amount of desalinated water required to meet demand sustainably. The research is structured around a methodological framework that evaluates three key parameters: renewable water availability, water demand, and actual water use. Countries are classified based on their water balance, distinguishing between those that can meet demand sustainably and those experiencing blue water scarcity (BWS). For the latter, the study estimates the minimum desalinated water volumes required to prevent unsustainable water extraction. Multiple efficiency scenarios for water distribution networks are considered to account for potential improvements in resource management. Beyond water needs, the study also quantifies the energy requirements for desalination, focusing on reverse osmosis (RO), the most energy-efficient and widely adopted technology. Given the high energy consumption of desalination, a key aspect of the analysis is the potential for powering desalination plants through renewable energy sources. The study estimates the land area required for photovoltaic (PV) and agrivoltaics (AV) installations, comparing these spatial demands with the available rainfed cropland suitable for agrivoltaics conversion. The results indicate that while desalination is an effective means of addressing water scarcity, its large energy footprint necessitates sustainable integration with renewable energy. In general, agrivoltaics systems could provide the necessary energy while optimizing land use efficiency. The study highlights the importance of a combined approach, where desalination, renewable energy, and efficient water management strategies work together to ensure long-term water security in regions facing severe water stress.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/236036