The growing environmental concerns derived by the amount and disposal of waste tire rubber requires research and innovation in recycling techniques overcoming the difficulties associated to the characteristic crosslinked structure of rubber. Ground tire rubber powder (GTR), obtained from mechanical grinding of rubber waste, is typically repurposed in various industries, but its reintegration into new tires or similar products remains a challenge. This study was aimed to explore the feasibility of using GTR powder in the materials for tire production, focusing on their fracture behaviour. The effect of content and particle dimensions on rubber on strain induced phenomena, such as strain induced crystallization and void formation, affecting the material fracture response, was investigated. The GTR studied in this work has the same composition of the compound in which it was dispersed: they are both a carbon black filled ternary blend, made by styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber (BR) and natural rubber (NR). GTR powders with particle dimensions D50 of 200 and 400μm were considered with a content of 20 and 30 phr. Monotonic and cyclic uniaxial tensile tests were performed for a preliminary characterization of the compounds which highlighted a softening of the GTR filled compounds. Quantification of strain induced voids formation aimed to highlight a difference in the adhesion between rubber matrix and GTR particles affecting this phenomenon. Results seem to suggest a lower strain induced increase in volume for GTR filled compounds. X-rays scattering spectroscopy was exploited to investigate SIC and voids formation through wide-angles and small-angles configuration respectively. The analysis was limited to the compound without powder: neither SIC nor voids formation were detected. The examination of preliminary mechanical tests and strain induced phenomena provides the base to better understand fracture behaviour of the rubber compounds considered. The formation of cracks propagating parallel to the loading direction was observed in all the rubber compounds, suggesting that the presence of filler particles do not affect the deformation mechanisms involved in the fracture process. Further no decaying effect on fracture toughness due to power addition was observed.
Le crescenti preoccupazioni ambientali derivanti dallo smaltimento dei rifiuti di gomma da pneumatici richiedono la ricerca e l'innovazione di tecniche di riciclaggio in grado di superare le difficoltà associate alla caratteristica struttura reticolata della gomma. Il polverino di gomma di scarto (in inglese Ground Tire Rubber, GTR), ottenuto dalla macinazione meccanica dei rifiuti di gomma, viene tipicamente riutilizzata in vari settori industriali, ma la sua reintegrazione in nuovi pneumatici o prodotti simili rimane una sfida. Questo studio si propone di esplorare la fattibilità dell'uso del polverino nei materiali per la produzione di pneumatici, concentrandosi sul loro comportamento alla frattura. È stato analizzato l'effetto del contenuto e delle dimensioni del GTR sui fenomeni indotti dalla deformazione, come la cristallizzazione indotta e la formazione di vuoti, influenzanti la risposta alla frattura del materiale. Il GTR utilizzato in questo lavoro ha la stessa composizione della mescola in cui è stato disperso: sono entrambi una miscela ternaria caricata con nerofumo, composta da gomma stirene-butadiene (SBR), gomma butadiene (BR) e gomma naturale (NR). Sono state considerate polveri di GTR con particelle di dimensioni D50 di 200 e 400μm con un contenuto di 20 e 30 phr. Per una caratterizzazione preliminare delle mescole sono state eseguite prove di trazione uniassiale monotoniche e cicliche, che hanno evidenziato un ammorbidimento delle mescole caricate con GTR. La quantificazione della formazione di vuoti indotti dalla deformazione mirava a evidenziare l'adesione tra la matrice di gomma e le particelle di GTR che influenza tale fenomeno. I risultati suggeriscono un minore aumento di volume per i composti contenenti GTR. La spettroscopia di diffusione ai raggi X è stata sfruttata per indagare la formazione di SIC e di vuoti rispettivamente attraverso la configurazione ad wide-angle e small-angle (WAXS, SAXS). L'analisi è stata limitata al composto di riferimento senza polverino: non sono stati rilevati né SIC né formazione di vuoti. Per quanto concerne il comportamento a frattura, la formazione di cricche che si propagano parallelamente alla direzione di carico è stata osservata in tutte le mescole di gomma, suggerendo che la presenza di polverino non influisce sui meccanismi di deformazione coinvolti nel processo di frattura. Inoltre, non è stato osservato alcun effetto negativo sulla tenacità alla frattura dovuto all'aggiunta di polverino.
Addition of waste tire rubber powder in a CB filled rubber: a focus on the material fracture behaviour
Gava, Lisa
2024/2025
Abstract
The growing environmental concerns derived by the amount and disposal of waste tire rubber requires research and innovation in recycling techniques overcoming the difficulties associated to the characteristic crosslinked structure of rubber. Ground tire rubber powder (GTR), obtained from mechanical grinding of rubber waste, is typically repurposed in various industries, but its reintegration into new tires or similar products remains a challenge. This study was aimed to explore the feasibility of using GTR powder in the materials for tire production, focusing on their fracture behaviour. The effect of content and particle dimensions on rubber on strain induced phenomena, such as strain induced crystallization and void formation, affecting the material fracture response, was investigated. The GTR studied in this work has the same composition of the compound in which it was dispersed: they are both a carbon black filled ternary blend, made by styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber (BR) and natural rubber (NR). GTR powders with particle dimensions D50 of 200 and 400μm were considered with a content of 20 and 30 phr. Monotonic and cyclic uniaxial tensile tests were performed for a preliminary characterization of the compounds which highlighted a softening of the GTR filled compounds. Quantification of strain induced voids formation aimed to highlight a difference in the adhesion between rubber matrix and GTR particles affecting this phenomenon. Results seem to suggest a lower strain induced increase in volume for GTR filled compounds. X-rays scattering spectroscopy was exploited to investigate SIC and voids formation through wide-angles and small-angles configuration respectively. The analysis was limited to the compound without powder: neither SIC nor voids formation were detected. The examination of preliminary mechanical tests and strain induced phenomena provides the base to better understand fracture behaviour of the rubber compounds considered. The formation of cracks propagating parallel to the loading direction was observed in all the rubber compounds, suggesting that the presence of filler particles do not affect the deformation mechanisms involved in the fracture process. Further no decaying effect on fracture toughness due to power addition was observed.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_04_GAVA_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/236171