The metaverse is often portrayed as the next digital revolution, a space where people will work, socialize, and engage in entirely new economic models. In recent years, metaverse platforms surfaced as an emergent evolving digital ecosystem with the potential to reshape economic interactions, user engagement, and value creation. While discussions about its potential dominate both industry and academia, its actual business models remain underexplored. How do metaverse platforms generate revenue? How do they foster new forms of digital entrepreneurship? And in what ways do these models differ from traditional Web 2.0 monetization strategies? This research examines these questions by analyzing four major metaverse platforms —Roblox, The Sandbox, Decentraland, and Horizon Worlds—through a comparative framework that explores their governance models, economic structures, and monetization strategies. It also delves into three case studies on Roblox, focusing on a user-generated experience (Dress to Impress), a digital-native fashion brand (Blueberry Fashion), and a branded metaverse experience (Barbie DreamHouse Tycoon) to demonstrate how distinct business models and revenue streams emerge within metaverse ecosystems. Findings reveal that metaverse platforms enable business models that diverge from traditional Web 2.0 frameworks, shifting from advertising-driven monetization to transaction-based economies that center on virtual goods, digital asset ownership, and in-world commerce. A defining feature of this transformation is the evolution of the creator economy: metaverse platforms allow creators to directly participate in economic value creation, whether through user-generated content, digital fashion, asset customization, or virtual real estate development. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that the metaverse is not merely an extension of Web 2.0 but a distinct and evolving digital ecosystem, where creator-driven economies, immersive transactions, and decentralized ownership models play a pivotal role. Whether the metaverse will fulfill its disruptive potential depends on its ability to balance technological advancement and equitable value distribution for both platforms and creators.
Il metaverso è spesso descritto come la prossima frontiera dell’interazione digitale, uno spazio in cui le persone lavoreranno, socializzeranno e interagiranno per via di modelli economici completamente nuovi. Negli ultimi anni, le piattaforme del metaverso sono emerse come un ecosistema digitale in evoluzione, con il potenziale di ridefinire le interazioni economiche, lo user engagement e la creazione di valore. Sebbene il dibattito sul potenziale del metaverso domini il settore e il mondo accademico, i business model reali su cui si basa restano ancora poco esplorati. Come generano ricavi le piattaforme del metaverso? In che modo favoriscono nuove forme di digital entrepeneurship? E in che misura questi modelli differiscono dalle strategie di monetizzazione tradizionali del Web 2.0? Questa tesi esamina tali questioni analizzando quattro principali piattaforme del metaverso —Roblox, The Sandbox, Decentraland e Horizon Worlds— tramite un framework che esplora i loro modelli di governance, le strutture economiche e le strategie di monetizzazione. Inoltre, approfondisce tre casi studio su Roblox, concentrandosi su un’esperienza generata da utenti (Dress to Impress), un fashion brand digitale (Blueberry Fashion) e un’esperienza sponsorizzata da un brand (Barbie DreamHouse Tycoon), per dimostrare come emergano business model distinti all’interno degli ecosistemi del metaverso. I risultati rivelano che le piattaforme del metaverso abilitano business model che si discostano dai tradizionali framework del Web 2.0, passando da strategie di monetizzazione basate sulla pubblicità a economie transazionali incentrate su beni virtuali, proprietà di asset digitali e commercio all’interno del mondo virtuale. Un elemento chiave di questa trasformazione è l’evoluzione della creator economy: le piattaforme del metaverso consentono ai creator di partecipare direttamente alla creazione di valore economico. Infine, questo studio dimostra che il metaverso non è semplicemente un’estensione del Web 2.0, ma un ecosistema digitale autonomo e in evoluzione, in cui creator economy, transazioni immersive e modelli di proprietà decentralizzata svolgono un ruolo cruciale. L’attualizzazione del suo potenziale dipenderà dalla capacità di bilanciare l’innovazione tecnologica e una distribuzione equa del valore tra piattaforme e creator.
From Web 2.0 to the Metaverse: analyzing the evolution of platform-based business models and the creator economy
CAPPA, MARIA LAVINIA
2023/2024
Abstract
The metaverse is often portrayed as the next digital revolution, a space where people will work, socialize, and engage in entirely new economic models. In recent years, metaverse platforms surfaced as an emergent evolving digital ecosystem with the potential to reshape economic interactions, user engagement, and value creation. While discussions about its potential dominate both industry and academia, its actual business models remain underexplored. How do metaverse platforms generate revenue? How do they foster new forms of digital entrepreneurship? And in what ways do these models differ from traditional Web 2.0 monetization strategies? This research examines these questions by analyzing four major metaverse platforms —Roblox, The Sandbox, Decentraland, and Horizon Worlds—through a comparative framework that explores their governance models, economic structures, and monetization strategies. It also delves into three case studies on Roblox, focusing on a user-generated experience (Dress to Impress), a digital-native fashion brand (Blueberry Fashion), and a branded metaverse experience (Barbie DreamHouse Tycoon) to demonstrate how distinct business models and revenue streams emerge within metaverse ecosystems. Findings reveal that metaverse platforms enable business models that diverge from traditional Web 2.0 frameworks, shifting from advertising-driven monetization to transaction-based economies that center on virtual goods, digital asset ownership, and in-world commerce. A defining feature of this transformation is the evolution of the creator economy: metaverse platforms allow creators to directly participate in economic value creation, whether through user-generated content, digital fashion, asset customization, or virtual real estate development. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that the metaverse is not merely an extension of Web 2.0 but a distinct and evolving digital ecosystem, where creator-driven economies, immersive transactions, and decentralized ownership models play a pivotal role. Whether the metaverse will fulfill its disruptive potential depends on its ability to balance technological advancement and equitable value distribution for both platforms and creators.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_04_Cappa_Tesi_01.pdf
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2025_04_Cappa_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/236207