Introduction/Background: Hospitals result from the global need to heal and care for human health translated into standardized physical space. To define relevant evidence and practice-based trends for defining the hospital of the future, benchmarking of different parameters in healthcare design of global scale is needed. This research analyzes 40 contemporary hospital case studies built worldwide between 2000 and 2024, classifying them based on size, function, layouts, grid structures, and circulation patterns. The study focuses on how architectural design impacts structural design while influencing healthcare function, construction costs, and workflows. Research Objective: This research’s primary objective is to identify trends in hospital design that elevate spatial and structural efficiency, functional adaptability, and cost by examining hospitals of varying sizes (small, medium, large, and very large), functions, and localization. Methodology: This analytical study is based on a comparative evaluation of 40 contemporary hospital case studies worldwide. Information (quantitative and qualitative) contains architectural documents such as site and floor plans, sections, pictures, hospital layouts, cost and budget reports. Data was collected not only from official websites, books, journals, using Google maps, and geographical data, but also by contacting the main architects and construction companies. The analysis focuses on spatial organization, circulation efficiency, and structural systems. Walking distances, net-to-gross floor ratios, and departmental configurations, were used to assess architectural functionality. The study also examines correlations between structural grids, construction materials, and cost per bed to evaluate economic feasibility. The design parameters are divided into three key categories: The spatial parameters provide an essential view on hospital layout, including total area (m²), the number of beds and staff, the functions distributions, number of parking spaces, number of floors, and whether the hospital includes an emergency department. The structural parameters focus on the design of layouts and how each impacts circulation. Layout typologies include linear, cluster, mixed, courtyard, radial, vertical, modular, and atrium layouts. Additionally, hospitals employ various structural materials, which affect construction cost, and space flexibility. The contextual parameters present external factors that impact hospitals, these include construction costs, ownership models, and distance from the city center. Findings: This study presents an analytical framework for understanding functional and structural trends in contemporary hospital architecture. Benchmarking results indicate that inpatient areas account for the largest functional allocation (13-20%) across all hospital size typologies, while research and laboratory areas receive the least space (1-3%). The analysis of costs and budgets revealed that hospitals with more than 1,000 beds have the lowest cost per bed, ranging from €285,000 to €381,000, demonstrating better cost efficiency. Further studies into structural materials presented that steel structures with the highest costs (€31,375/m²), due to specialized materials and construction complexity. In contrast, concrete with façade elements proved to be the most economical option (€2,975/m²), offering a cost-effective alternative. Regarding emergency services, 100% of large hospitals include emergency departments, while only 16.7% of small hospitals provide emergency care, indicating a stronger focus on outpatient or specialized services in smaller facilities.
Introduzione/Contesto: Gli ospedali nascono dalla necessità globale di curare e prendersi cura della salute umana, tradotta in uno spazio fisico standardizzato. Per definire tendenze rilevanti basate su evidenze e pratiche per la progettazione dell’ospedale del futuro, è necessario un benchmarking di diversi parametri nella progettazione ospedaliera su scala globale. Questa ricerca analizza 40 casi studio di ospedali contemporanei costruiti in tutto il mondo tra il 2000 e il 2024, classificandoli in base a dimensione, funzione, layout, strutture a griglia e schemi di circolazione. Lo studio si concentra su come il design architettonico influisce sulla progettazione strutturale, influenzando al contempo la funzione sanitaria, i costi di costruzione e i flussi di lavoro. Obiettivo della ricerca: L’obiettivo principale di questa ricerca è identificare le tendenze nella progettazione ospedaliera che migliorano l’efficienza spaziale e strutturale, l’adattabilità funzionale e i costi, esaminando ospedali di diverse dimensioni (piccoli, medi, grandi e molto grandi), funzioni e localizzazioni. Metodologia: Questo studio analitico si basa su una valutazione comparativa di 40 casi studio di ospedali contemporanei a livello globale. Le informazioni (quantitative e qualitative) comprendono documenti architettonici come planimetrie generali e di piano, sezioni, immagini, schemi distributivi, report su costi e budget. I dati sono stati raccolti non solo da siti ufficiali, libri, riviste, utilizzando Google Maps e dati geografici, ma anche contattando gli architetti principali e le imprese di costruzione. L’analisi si concentra sull’organizzazione spaziale, l’efficienza della circolazione e i sistemi strutturali. Le distanze di percorrenza, i rapporti net-to-gross e le configurazioni dipartimentali sono stati utilizzati per valutare la funzionalità architettonica. Lo studio esamina inoltre le correlazioni tra griglie strutturali, materiali da costruzione e costo per posto letto per valutare l'efficienza economica. I parametri progettuali sono suddivisi in tre categorie chiave: Parametri spaziali: forniscono una visione essenziale del layout ospedaliero, comprendendo l’area totale (m²), il numero di posti letto e di personale, la distribuzione delle funzioni, il numero di parcheggi, il numero di piani e la presenza o meno di un dipartimento di emergenza. Parametri strutturali: si concentrano sulla progettazione dei layout e sul loro impatto sulla circolazione. Le tipologie di layout includono lineare, a cluster, misto, a corte, radiale, verticale, modulare e con atrio. Inoltre, gli ospedali impiegano diversi materiali strutturali, che influenzano i costi di costruzione e la flessibilità spaziale. Parametri contestuali: presentano fattori esterni che impattano gli ospedali, tra cui i costi di costruzione, i modelli di proprietà e la distanza dal centro città. Risultati: Questo studio presenta un quadro analitico per comprendere le tendenze funzionali e strutturali nell’architettura ospedaliera contemporanea. I risultati del benchmarking indicano che le aree di degenza rappresentano la maggiore allocazione funzionale (13-20%) in tutte le tipologie dimensionali di ospedali, mentre le aree di ricerca e laboratorio ricevono la minore quantità di spazio (1-3%). L'analisi dei costi e dei budget ha rivelato che gli ospedali con più di 1.000 posti letto hanno il costo per posto letto più basso, variando da €285.000 a €381.000, dimostrando una maggiore efficienza economica. Studi approfonditi sui materiali strutturali hanno evidenziato che le strutture in acciaio presentano i costi più elevati (€31.375/m²), a causa dell’uso di materiali specializzati e della complessità costruttiva. Al contrario, il calcestruzzo con elementi di facciata si è rivelato l’opzione più economica (€2.975/m²), offrendo una soluzione vantaggiosa in termini di costi. Per quanto riguarda i servizi di emergenza, il 100% degli ospedali di grandi dimensioni include un dipartimento di emergenza, mentre solo il 16,7% degli ospedali piccoli offre cure di emergenza, indicando una maggiore focalizzazione su servizi ambulatoriali o specializzati nelle strutture più piccole.
International benchmarking of healthcare infrastructures. Analytical study of recent trends in hospital functional planning
Aryaei, Sadaf;Nagy, Lorand
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction/Background: Hospitals result from the global need to heal and care for human health translated into standardized physical space. To define relevant evidence and practice-based trends for defining the hospital of the future, benchmarking of different parameters in healthcare design of global scale is needed. This research analyzes 40 contemporary hospital case studies built worldwide between 2000 and 2024, classifying them based on size, function, layouts, grid structures, and circulation patterns. The study focuses on how architectural design impacts structural design while influencing healthcare function, construction costs, and workflows. Research Objective: This research’s primary objective is to identify trends in hospital design that elevate spatial and structural efficiency, functional adaptability, and cost by examining hospitals of varying sizes (small, medium, large, and very large), functions, and localization. Methodology: This analytical study is based on a comparative evaluation of 40 contemporary hospital case studies worldwide. Information (quantitative and qualitative) contains architectural documents such as site and floor plans, sections, pictures, hospital layouts, cost and budget reports. Data was collected not only from official websites, books, journals, using Google maps, and geographical data, but also by contacting the main architects and construction companies. The analysis focuses on spatial organization, circulation efficiency, and structural systems. Walking distances, net-to-gross floor ratios, and departmental configurations, were used to assess architectural functionality. The study also examines correlations between structural grids, construction materials, and cost per bed to evaluate economic feasibility. The design parameters are divided into three key categories: The spatial parameters provide an essential view on hospital layout, including total area (m²), the number of beds and staff, the functions distributions, number of parking spaces, number of floors, and whether the hospital includes an emergency department. The structural parameters focus on the design of layouts and how each impacts circulation. Layout typologies include linear, cluster, mixed, courtyard, radial, vertical, modular, and atrium layouts. Additionally, hospitals employ various structural materials, which affect construction cost, and space flexibility. The contextual parameters present external factors that impact hospitals, these include construction costs, ownership models, and distance from the city center. Findings: This study presents an analytical framework for understanding functional and structural trends in contemporary hospital architecture. Benchmarking results indicate that inpatient areas account for the largest functional allocation (13-20%) across all hospital size typologies, while research and laboratory areas receive the least space (1-3%). The analysis of costs and budgets revealed that hospitals with more than 1,000 beds have the lowest cost per bed, ranging from €285,000 to €381,000, demonstrating better cost efficiency. Further studies into structural materials presented that steel structures with the highest costs (€31,375/m²), due to specialized materials and construction complexity. In contrast, concrete with façade elements proved to be the most economical option (€2,975/m²), offering a cost-effective alternative. Regarding emergency services, 100% of large hospitals include emergency departments, while only 16.7% of small hospitals provide emergency care, indicating a stronger focus on outpatient or specialized services in smaller facilities.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/236498