By the late 20th century, State enterprises were expected to disappear from the market. From the turn of the century, however, these firms started to become once more relevant in the global economy, mainly following the 2008 crisis and the rise of China. To explain why this phenomenon still persists to this day, this work starts by presenting the main theories behind the creation of State enterprises and discusses the key disadvantages associated with State ownership. The goal of this Thesis is therefore to examine the state of public ownership in European firms in 2022 and compare the performance of State enterprises against private companies, by building a firm-level cross-sectional dataset using data from the Orbis database. Differently from most previous analyses, this work uses a continuous variable to represent the aggregate percentage of public ownership of a firm. State firms are also categorized into three types: State Participated Enterprises (SPEs), State-Invested Enterprises (SIEs), and State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Significant differences across countries and industries in the presence and role of State enterprises emerge, particularly the divide between Eastern and Western Europe and the concentration of these firms in the utility and transportation sectors. Results of the empirical analysis shown that an increasing level of public ownership in firms is associated with lower performances for these companies. Moreover, through an heterogeneity analysis, it is shown that this effect varies based on the firm's country and industry. Additionally, foreign public ownership is found to be positively associated with firm performances, in contrast to domestic public ownership. Furthermore, the presence of SOEs is negatively associated with the performance of private firms operating in the same industry.
Verso la fine del XX secolo, si pensava che le imprese statali sarebbero scomparse dal mercato. Tuttavia, a partire dall'inizio degli anni duemila, queste aziende hanno iniziato a diventare nuovamente rilevanti, principalmente in seguito alla crisi del 2008 e all'ascesa della Cina. Questo lavoro inizia presentando le principali teorie alla base della creazione di imprese statali e discute i principali svantaggi associati alla partecipazione statale. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è quindi quello di esaminare lo stato attuale della partecipazione pubblica nelle imprese europee nel 2022 e confrontare le prestazioni delle imprese statali con quelle delle imprese private, mediante l'utilizzo del database a livello di impresa Orbis. Questo lavoro, a differenza della maggior parte dei contributi precedenti, utilizza una variabile continua per rappresentare la percentuale totale di partecipazione pubblica di un'azienda. Le imprese pubbliche sono inoltre classificate in: State-Participated Enterprises (SPE), State-Invested Enterprises (SIE) e State-Owned Enterprises (SOE). Una panoramica della situazione in Europa evidenzia differenze significative tra paesi e settori per quanto riguarda l'importanza delle aziende statali, in particolare si osserva il divario tra Europa orientale e occidentale e la concentrazione di queste aziende nei settori dei servizi e dei trasporti. Dall'analisi empirica si evince che un aumento della partecipazione pubblica nelle aziende è associata a prestazioni inferiori. Si osserva tuttavia una notevole eterogeneità tra paesi e settori. Dai risultati emerge inoltre che la partecipazione pubblica estera è positivamente associata alla performance di impresa, a differenza della partecipazione pubblica di enti nazionali. Inoltre, la presenza di SOE è associata negativamente alle prestazioni delle aziende private che operano nello stesso settore.
State ownership: evidence from european firms
SPROCATI, ALESSANDRO
2023/2024
Abstract
By the late 20th century, State enterprises were expected to disappear from the market. From the turn of the century, however, these firms started to become once more relevant in the global economy, mainly following the 2008 crisis and the rise of China. To explain why this phenomenon still persists to this day, this work starts by presenting the main theories behind the creation of State enterprises and discusses the key disadvantages associated with State ownership. The goal of this Thesis is therefore to examine the state of public ownership in European firms in 2022 and compare the performance of State enterprises against private companies, by building a firm-level cross-sectional dataset using data from the Orbis database. Differently from most previous analyses, this work uses a continuous variable to represent the aggregate percentage of public ownership of a firm. State firms are also categorized into three types: State Participated Enterprises (SPEs), State-Invested Enterprises (SIEs), and State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Significant differences across countries and industries in the presence and role of State enterprises emerge, particularly the divide between Eastern and Western Europe and the concentration of these firms in the utility and transportation sectors. Results of the empirical analysis shown that an increasing level of public ownership in firms is associated with lower performances for these companies. Moreover, through an heterogeneity analysis, it is shown that this effect varies based on the firm's country and industry. Additionally, foreign public ownership is found to be positively associated with firm performances, in contrast to domestic public ownership. Furthermore, the presence of SOEs is negatively associated with the performance of private firms operating in the same industry.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_04_Sprocati_Tesi.pdf
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2025_04_Sprocati_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/236506