This doctoral research investigated the long-term consequences of COVID-19 on the lungs and brain, aiming to identify shared pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the disease’s multi-systemic impacts. By leveraging advanced imaging techniques and developing tailored image analysis methodologies applied in clinical studies, the work characterized persistent structural abnormalities in the lungs, including fibrotic changes and ground-glass opacities, detectable up to one-year post-infection. These pulmonary findings correlated with vascular damage markers, indicating a role of vascular involvement in prolonged respiratory impairment, as further supported by comparative analyses of gas exchange metrics. Parallel investigations into the brain effects of COVID-19 revealed features such as cerebral microbleeds, olfactory bulb atrophy, and significant gray and white matter changes. These findings implicated processes of vascular injury, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Microstructural and connectivity analyses further demonstrated neural network disruptions associated with neurological symptoms, including cognitive deficits and olfactory dysfunction. Notably, comparative evaluations of pulmonary and cerebral outcomes suggested an interplay between these impacts, potentially mediated by vascular injury and persistent inflammation, and linking respiratory impairment with changes/reductions in gray matter volume and cortical thickness. The image analysis pipelines and segmentation techniques developed in this research enable comprehensive and regional analyses of the lung and brain and hold promise for further applications in the COVID-19 topic and beyond. These methodologies may facilitate studies of other inflammatory and infectious pulmonary diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and psychiatric disorders. In summary, this work enhances the understanding of the impacts of COVID-19 on the lungs and brain, highlighting the central role of vascular and inflammatory processes. It also establishes a foundation for innovative image processing approaches applicable across a range of clinical and research settings.
Questa ricerca di dottorato ha investigato le conseguenze a lungo termine del COVID-19 sui polmoni e sul cervello, con l'obiettivo di identificare i meccanismi fisiopatologici condivisi alla base degli impatti multi-sistemici della malattia. Sfruttando tecniche avanzate di imaging e sviluppando metodologie di analisi delle immagini personalizzate applicate negli studi clinici, il lavoro ha caratterizzato le anomalie strutturali persistenti nei polmoni, comprese modifiche fibrotiche e opacità a vetro smerigliato, rilevabili fino a un anno dopo l'infezione. Questi reperti polmonari erano correlati con marcatori di danno vascolare, indicando un ruolo del coinvolgimento vascolare nel deterioramento respiratorio prolungato, come ulteriormente supportato da analisi comparative delle metriche di scambio gassoso. Indagini parallele sugli effetti del COVID-19 sul cervello hanno rivelato caratteristiche come microemorragie cerebrali, atrofia del bulbo olfattivo e significativi cambiamenti nella materia grigia e bianca. Questi risultati implicano processi di danno vascolare, infiammazione e neurodegenerazione. Le analisi microstrutturali e di connettività hanno ulteriormente dimostrato interruzioni nelle reti neurali associate ai sintomi neurologici, inclusi deficit cognitivi e disfunzione olfattiva. In particolare, le valutazioni comparative degli esiti polmonari e cerebrali hanno suggerito un'interazione tra questi impatti, potenzialmente mediata dal danno vascolare e dall'infiammazione persistente, collegando il deterioramento respiratorio a cambiamenti/riduzioni nel volume della materia grigia e nello spessore corticale. Le pipeline di analisi delle immagini e le tecniche di segmentazione sviluppate in questa ricerca consentono analisi comprensive e regionali dei polmoni e del cervello e offrono promettenti applicazioni in ulteriori studi sul COVID-19 e oltre. Queste metodologie potrebbero facilitare lo studio di altre malattie polmonari infiammatorie e infettive, condizioni neurodegenerative e disturbi psichiatrici. In sintesi, questo lavoro arricchisce la comprensione degli impatti del COVID-19 sui polmoni e sul cervello, evidenziando il ruolo centrale dei processi vascolari e infiammatori. Stabilisce anche una base per approcci innovativi di elaborazione delle immagini applicabili a una vasta gamma di contesti clinici e di ricerca
Unveiling the multifaceted impact of COVID-19: insights from CT/MRI of lung and brain, and the systemic vascular-mediated interplay
ARRIGONI, ALBERTO
2024/2025
Abstract
This doctoral research investigated the long-term consequences of COVID-19 on the lungs and brain, aiming to identify shared pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the disease’s multi-systemic impacts. By leveraging advanced imaging techniques and developing tailored image analysis methodologies applied in clinical studies, the work characterized persistent structural abnormalities in the lungs, including fibrotic changes and ground-glass opacities, detectable up to one-year post-infection. These pulmonary findings correlated with vascular damage markers, indicating a role of vascular involvement in prolonged respiratory impairment, as further supported by comparative analyses of gas exchange metrics. Parallel investigations into the brain effects of COVID-19 revealed features such as cerebral microbleeds, olfactory bulb atrophy, and significant gray and white matter changes. These findings implicated processes of vascular injury, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Microstructural and connectivity analyses further demonstrated neural network disruptions associated with neurological symptoms, including cognitive deficits and olfactory dysfunction. Notably, comparative evaluations of pulmonary and cerebral outcomes suggested an interplay between these impacts, potentially mediated by vascular injury and persistent inflammation, and linking respiratory impairment with changes/reductions in gray matter volume and cortical thickness. The image analysis pipelines and segmentation techniques developed in this research enable comprehensive and regional analyses of the lung and brain and hold promise for further applications in the COVID-19 topic and beyond. These methodologies may facilitate studies of other inflammatory and infectious pulmonary diseases, neurodegenerative conditions, and psychiatric disorders. In summary, this work enhances the understanding of the impacts of COVID-19 on the lungs and brain, highlighting the central role of vascular and inflammatory processes. It also establishes a foundation for innovative image processing approaches applicable across a range of clinical and research settings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhDThesis_AlbertoArrigoni - Final.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/236912