In the last decades, the promotion of well-being has become the highest goal of many governments, institutions, and public agents in general. This necessity is felt particularly in Europe, where the European Union itself has set it as a crucial mission within its constituting treaty. In this institutional landscape, more attention has been brought forward toward the role of culture. This interest has catalysed particularly on cultural participation, deemed to be the main trigger of socio-economic change. Towards the development of more rounded quality of life benefits, cultural participation is thus a key factor connecting public policy and citizens' benefits. Two main academic debates related to this topic can be identified. The first one discusses the association between cultural participation and well-being. Overall, a positive link between cultural participation and life satisfaction emerges. However, the effect appears in some cases as weak, differs depending on the cultural activities considered and varies also across different social groups in the population. Cultural participation is not new to dynamics of inequalities, and family background emerges as a major determinant of those unbalances. Based on this theory, family belonging is set as a major determinant shaping people's propensity to participate, but also their ability to extract utility from cultural participation, and to achieve higher life satisfaction in general. However, this inter-generational dynamics are understudied in extant literature. The second debate, instead, focuses on the role of public policies in the promotion of people's cultural engagement. The primary role of cultural policy lies in the provision of arts, and incentivising cultural participation is presented as a priority to enrich people’s lives, and advance democratisation and social inclusion. Instead, some authors criticise this view claiming that, rather than enhancing people's engagement in the arts, public initiatives tend to favour only limited social groups. People’s propensity to participate is indeed dependent also on other factors such as their level of education and income, which deeply affect the ability of policies to reach a larger public. In this perspective, few studies investigate the extent to which cultural expenditures are associated with cultural participation focusing on a local level, where spatial dynamics of cultural agglomeration and the territorial link with local cultural participation become visible. However, the influence of socio-economic characteristics of the population is still overlooked in the evaluation of policies’ effectiveness, and further investigation remains limited by the difficulty of finding granular data on local public expenditures. Considering the gaps highlighted, this thesis explores the role of cultural participation as an instrument of public policy to promote well-being, exploring the influence of people’s socio-economic characteristics in shaping both their engagement in the arts and their expected outcomes in terms of well-being distribution in the population. This thesis shows the limitations of relying exclusively on cultural policies without considering the influence of socio-economic barriers. At the same time, it also presents the opportunities granted once those barriers are overcome, when the disadvantaged groups can offset most of the well-being inequalities with respect to the rest of the population. To address the risk of social exclusion, broaden the audience engaging in the arts, and ultimately maximise the well-being benefits in a population, policies aiming at the enhancement of participation need to be accompanied by complementary measures that fall beyond the strictly “cultural” domain. In this direction, three main aspects emerge as potentially relevant as a complement to cultural policies: education; physical accessibility; and social identity.
Negli ultimi decenni, la promozione del benessere è diventata l'obiettivo principale di molti governi, istituzioni e agenti pubblici in generale. Questa necessità è particolarmente sentita in Europa, dove la stessa Unione Europea l'ha posta come missione cruciale all'interno del suo trattato costitutivo. In questo panorama istituzionale, è stata posta maggiore attenzione al ruolo della cultura. Questo interesse si è catalizzato in particolare sulla partecipazione culturale, ritenuta il principale motore del cambiamento socio-economico. Verso lo sviluppo di una qualità della vita più completa, la partecipazione culturale è quindi un fattore chiave che collega le politiche pubbliche ai benefici dei cittadini. Si possono individuare due principali dibattiti accademici legati a questo tema. Il primo discute l'associazione tra partecipazione culturale e benessere. Nel complesso, emerge un legame positivo tra partecipazione culturale e soddisfazione di vita. Tuttavia, l'effetto appare in alcuni casi debole, varia a seconda delle attività culturali considerate e varia anche tra i diversi gruppi sociali della popolazione. La partecipazione culturale non è nuova alle dinamiche delle disuguaglianze e il background familiare emerge come uno dei principali determinanti di tali squilibri. Sulla base di questa teoria, l'appartenenza familiare si configura come uno dei principali fattori che determinano la propensione delle persone a partecipare, ma anche la loro capacità di trarre utilità dalla partecipazione culturale e di ottenere una maggiore soddisfazione di vita in generale. Tuttavia, queste dinamiche intergenerazionali sono poco studiate nella letteratura esistente. Il secondo dibattito, invece, si concentra sul ruolo delle politiche pubbliche nella promozione dell'impegno culturale delle persone. Il ruolo primario della politica culturale risiede nell'incentivazione della partecipazione culturale, una priorità per arricchire la vita delle persone e promuovere la democratizzazione e l'inclusione sociale. Alcuni autori, invece, criticano questa visione sostenendo che, anziché migliorare l'impegno delle persone nelle arti, le iniziative pubbliche tendono a favorire solo i gruppi sociali più abbienti. La propensione delle persone a partecipare dipende infatti anche da altri fattori, come il livello di istruzione e il reddito, che incidono profondamente sulla capacità delle politiche di raggiungere un pubblico più ampio. In questa prospettiva, pochi studi indagano in che misura la spesa culturale sia associata alla partecipazione culturale a livello territoriale, dove diventano visibili le dinamiche spaziali dell'agglomerazione culturale e il legame territoriale con la partecipazione culturale locale. Tuttavia, l'influenza delle caratteristiche socio-economiche della popolazione è ancora trascurata nella valutazione dell'efficacia delle politiche e ulteriori indagini sono limitate dalla difficoltà di reperire dati granulari sulla spesa pubblica locale. Considerando le lacune evidenziate, questa tesi esplora il ruolo della partecipazione culturale come strumento di politica pubblica per promuovere il benessere, esplorando l'influenza delle caratteristiche socio-economiche delle persone nel plasmare sia il loro impegno nelle arti sia i risultati attesi in termini di distribuzione del benessere nella popolazione. Questa tesi mostra i limiti dell'affidarsi esclusivamente alle politiche culturali senza considerare l'influenza delle barriere socio-economiche. Allo stesso tempo, presenta anche le opportunità concesse una volta superate tali barriere, quando i gruppi svantaggiati possono compensare la maggior parte delle disuguaglianze di benessere rispetto al resto della popolazione. Per affrontare il rischio di esclusione sociale, ampliare il pubblico che si dedica alle arti e, in ultima analisi, massimizzare i benefici per il benessere di una popolazione, le politiche che mirano a migliorare la partecipazione devono essere accompagnate da misure complementari che vadano oltre l'ambito strettamente culturale. In questa direzione, tre ambiti principali emergono come potenzialmente rilevanti a complemento delle politiche culturali: l'istruzione, l'accessibilità fisica e l'identità sociale.
Public policies for well-being: lights and shadows of promoting cultural participation
LEROUGE, ROMAIN
2024/2025
Abstract
In the last decades, the promotion of well-being has become the highest goal of many governments, institutions, and public agents in general. This necessity is felt particularly in Europe, where the European Union itself has set it as a crucial mission within its constituting treaty. In this institutional landscape, more attention has been brought forward toward the role of culture. This interest has catalysed particularly on cultural participation, deemed to be the main trigger of socio-economic change. Towards the development of more rounded quality of life benefits, cultural participation is thus a key factor connecting public policy and citizens' benefits. Two main academic debates related to this topic can be identified. The first one discusses the association between cultural participation and well-being. Overall, a positive link between cultural participation and life satisfaction emerges. However, the effect appears in some cases as weak, differs depending on the cultural activities considered and varies also across different social groups in the population. Cultural participation is not new to dynamics of inequalities, and family background emerges as a major determinant of those unbalances. Based on this theory, family belonging is set as a major determinant shaping people's propensity to participate, but also their ability to extract utility from cultural participation, and to achieve higher life satisfaction in general. However, this inter-generational dynamics are understudied in extant literature. The second debate, instead, focuses on the role of public policies in the promotion of people's cultural engagement. The primary role of cultural policy lies in the provision of arts, and incentivising cultural participation is presented as a priority to enrich people’s lives, and advance democratisation and social inclusion. Instead, some authors criticise this view claiming that, rather than enhancing people's engagement in the arts, public initiatives tend to favour only limited social groups. People’s propensity to participate is indeed dependent also on other factors such as their level of education and income, which deeply affect the ability of policies to reach a larger public. In this perspective, few studies investigate the extent to which cultural expenditures are associated with cultural participation focusing on a local level, where spatial dynamics of cultural agglomeration and the territorial link with local cultural participation become visible. However, the influence of socio-economic characteristics of the population is still overlooked in the evaluation of policies’ effectiveness, and further investigation remains limited by the difficulty of finding granular data on local public expenditures. Considering the gaps highlighted, this thesis explores the role of cultural participation as an instrument of public policy to promote well-being, exploring the influence of people’s socio-economic characteristics in shaping both their engagement in the arts and their expected outcomes in terms of well-being distribution in the population. This thesis shows the limitations of relying exclusively on cultural policies without considering the influence of socio-economic barriers. At the same time, it also presents the opportunities granted once those barriers are overcome, when the disadvantaged groups can offset most of the well-being inequalities with respect to the rest of the population. To address the risk of social exclusion, broaden the audience engaging in the arts, and ultimately maximise the well-being benefits in a population, policies aiming at the enhancement of participation need to be accompanied by complementary measures that fall beyond the strictly “cultural” domain. In this direction, three main aspects emerge as potentially relevant as a complement to cultural policies: education; physical accessibility; and social identity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/236993