Previous studies on nascent industries have mainly focused on commercializing firms (product-market entrants), their characteristics, and the strategies they employ following commercialization, aiming to explain the industrial and institutional dynamics. However, a more comprehensive analysis of technological investments and the core technologies underlying nascent industries is lacking, which limits theoretical advancements. This dissertation offers a deeper exploration of these dynamics in two distinctive ways. Regarding industrial dynamics, the research shifts focus to firms' technological investments, identifying investing firms (i.e., technological entrants), and not only commercializing ones. A focus on the firms’ first technological investment, i.e., technological entry, is crucial to identify the technological entrants in an industry. Technological entry is the first technological investment undertaken by firms, regardless of any subsequent value capture mechanisms in the product-market. Product-market entrants are a specific sub-group of technological entrants: each firm’s technological entry precedes product commercialization. Firms that engage in technological entry are de facto firms that commit resources in nascent industries and should be consistently more integrated into industrial dynamics. The first paper of this thesis aims to systematize technological entrants’ main decisions into a conceptual model. Technological investments are a sequence of events that encompass (i) technological entry and subsequent investments and (ii) five main interrelated aspects (whether/who, when, where, what, and how to invest). In addition, this model includes factors that influence firms’ technological investments (i.e., pre-investment experience), main intervening mechanisms, and boundary conditions enabling market entry and industry emergence; against this background, avenues for future research are introduced. The second paper of the thesis instead proposes methodological guidelines for framing and easing data collection. The paper develops a practical tool, a question-driven checklist, on methodological considerations and underlying issues that scholars face when selecting an industrial context and defining their data collection method (e.g., industry boundaries, sampling). These guidelines are applied to collect data on technological and product-market entrants in the US commercial drone industry (2000-2023), where various indicators and proxies (e.g., drone projects, alliances, startups securing financing rounds) together with advanced machine learning techniques are applied to ensure firms’ commitment to drone technology's commercial market applications. We then trace technological entrants’ history to identify those transitioning into the product-markets. Evidence on entry patterns and statistics on entrants’ patent portfolios classified through machine learning algorithms underscores the effectiveness of our data collection approach. The third paper investigates how the timing of the first technological investment shapes product-market entrants’ subsequent exit patterns in nascent industries. We conceptualize four distinct entry-timing choices based on the interplay between technology and product-market dimensions: being a pioneer in both technology and product-market, being a pioneer in technology and a follower in the product-market, being a follower in technology but a pioneer in the product-market, or being a follower in both technology and product-market. Drawing on arguments from first-movers advantages theory, this paper investigates whether these entry-timing choices exhibit different firm exit modes, distinguishing between closure and merger and acquisition. Regarding institutional dynamics, this research examines the public's judgment of the core technologies underlying nascent industries. Their judgments are the core of institutional dynamics and, therefore, crucial for legitimizing the core technologies. In this realm, recent advancements in institutional theory reconciled legitimacy is inherently multi-level and occurs: (i) at the collective-level, as an institutionalized perception of appropriateness (i.e., validity), and (ii) at the individual-level, as a social judgment that an entity is approved (i.e., propriety). Two types of perceptual inputs affect individual legitimacy judgment: individual features and beliefs conveyed from the institutional environment. Empirically, the fourth paper of this research investigates the extent to which the perceived benefits and risks of the technology, as well as exposure to validity cues (i.e., institutional sources that influence beliefs about an entity's validity), influence individual judgment and under which conditions diverse inputs matter the most. In particular, individual evaluative mode, i.e., their preparedness to actively expend cognitive effort when assessing whether a technology is appropriate, affects under which conditions these inputs matter. The fifth paper of this thesis extends the set of individual factors related to characteristics (e.g., age, gender), attitudes (e.g., prior experience with related technologies), and institutional elements of the areas in which citizens reside (e.g., transportation service offerings, level of innovativeness) that affect individual judgment.
Studi precedenti sulle industrie nascenti si sono concentrati principalmente sulle imprese che si occupano della commercializzazione (cioè le aziende che entrano nel mercato dei prodotti), sulle loro caratteristiche e sulle strategie adottate dopo la commercializzazione, con l’obiettivo di spiegare le dinamiche industriali e istituzionali. Tuttavia, manca un’analisi più completa degli investimenti tecnologici e delle tecnologie che sottendono le industrie nascenti, limitando così ulteriori contributi teorici. Questa tesi offre un’esplorazione più approfondita di queste dinamiche in due modi distinti. Per quanto riguarda le dinamiche industriali, la ricerca sposta l’attenzione sugli investimenti tecnologici delle imprese, identificando le imprese che investono (cioè le imprese che entrano a livello tecnologico), e non solo quelle che commercializzano. Concentrarsi sul primo investimento tecnologico delle imprese, cioè l’entrata tecnologico, è fondamentale per identificare gli attori tecnologici in un’industria. L’entrata tecnologica rappresenta il primo investimento tecnologico intrapreso dalle imprese, indipendentemente da eventuali successive modalità di generazione di valore nel mercato dei prodotti. Gli attori che entrano nel mercato dei prodotti costituiscono un sottoinsieme specifico degli attori tecnologici: l’entrata tecnologica da parte di un’impresa precede la commercializzazione del prodotto. Le imprese che compiono un' entrata tecnologica sono di fatto quelle che impegnano risorse in industrie nascenti e dovrebbero essere integrate in modo coerente nelle dinamiche industriali. Il primo articolo di questa tesi mira a sistematizzare le principali decisioni di queste imprese in un modello concettuale. Gli investimenti tecnologici sono una sequenza di eventi che comprendono (i) l’entrata tecnologica e gli investimenti successivi, e (ii) cinque aspetti principali interconnessi (se investire/chi, quando, dove, cosa e come investire). Inoltre, questo modello include i fattori che influenzano gli investimenti tecnologici delle imprese (cioè l’esperienza antecedente agli investimenti), i principali meccanismi di mediazione e le condizioni al contorno che abilitano l’ingresso sul mercato e l’emergere dell’industria; su questo sfondo, vengono introdotte direzioni per future ricerche. Il secondo articolo della tesi propone invece linee guida metodologiche per strutturare e facilitare la raccolta dei dati sulle imprese che entrano in industrie nascenti. L’articolo sviluppa uno strumento pratico, una checklist basata su domande, relativa alle considerazioni metodologiche e ai problemi sottostanti che i ricercatori affrontano nella selezione di un contesto industriale e nella definizione del metodo di raccolta dati (ad esempio, confini dell’industria, campionamento). Queste linee guida sono applicate alla raccolta di dati sugli attori tecnologici e sui nuovi entranti nel mercato dei prodotti nell’industria dei droni commerciali negli Stati Uniti (2000–2023), dove vengono utilizzati vari indicatori e proxy (ad esempio, progetti di droni, alleanze, startup che ottengono finanziamenti), insieme a tecniche avanzate di machine learning, per verificare l’impegno delle imprese verso applicazioni commerciali della tecnologia dei droni. Tracciamo quindi la storia degli attori tecnologici per identificare quelli che effettuano la transizione verso il mercato dei prodotti. Le evidenze sui modelli di ingresso e le statistiche sui portafogli brevettuali degli attori, classificati attraverso algoritmi di machine learning, evidenziano l’efficacia del nostro approccio alla raccolta dati. Il terzo articolo analizza in che modo la tempistica del primo investimento tecnologico influenzi i successivi modelli di uscita dal mercato degli attori nei mercati emergenti. Vengono concettualizzate quattro scelte distinte di ingresso e relative tempistiche, basate sull’interazione tra dimensioni tecnologiche e di mercato: essere pionieri sia nella tecnologia che nel mercato dei prodotti, essere pionieri nella tecnologia e follower nel mercato, essere follower nella tecnologia ma pionieri nel mercato, oppure essere follower in entrambi. Basandosi sulla teoria dei vantaggi del first-movers, questo articolo indaga se queste scelte di tempismo d’ingresso portano a differenti modalità di uscita per le imprese, distinguendo tra chiusura e fusione/acquisizione. Per quanto riguarda le dinamiche istituzionali, questa ricerca esamina la formazione di un giudizio di legittimità sulle tecnologie alla base delle industrie nascenti. I giudizi degli individui (general public) sono al centro delle dinamiche istituzionali e quindi cruciali per la legittimazione delle tecnologie. In questo ambito, recenti sviluppi nella teoria istituzionale hanno riconciliato il fatto che la legittimità è intrinsecamente multilivello e si manifesta: (i) a livello collettivo, come percezione istituzionalizzata di adeguatezza (cioè, validità), e (ii) a livello individuale, come giudizio sociale secondo cui un’entità è approvata (cioè, appropriatezza). Due tipi di input percettivi influenzano il giudizio individuale di legittimità: caratteristiche individuali e credenze trasmesse dall’ambiente istituzionale. Empiricamente, il quarto articolo di questa ricerca indaga in che misura i benefici e i rischi percepiti di una tecnologia, così come l’esposizione a segnali di validità (cioè fonti istituzionali che influenzano le credenze sulla validità di un’entità), influenzino il giudizio individuale e in quali condizioni diversi input risultino più rilevanti. In particolare, la modalità valutativa individuale, cioè la predisposizione a investire attivamente sforzi cognitivi per valutare se una tecnologia sia appropriata, condiziona quando e quanto questi input contano. Il quinto articolo della tesi estende il set di fattori individuali legati a caratteristiche (es. età, genere), attitudini (es. esperienza pregressa con tecnologie affini) ed elementi istituzionali dei territori in cui risiedono i cittadini (es. offerta di servizi di trasporto, livello di innovatività) che influenzano il giudizio individuale.
Nascent industries: an inquiry into industrial and institutional dynamics
BUSICCHIA, FABIO
2024/2025
Abstract
Previous studies on nascent industries have mainly focused on commercializing firms (product-market entrants), their characteristics, and the strategies they employ following commercialization, aiming to explain the industrial and institutional dynamics. However, a more comprehensive analysis of technological investments and the core technologies underlying nascent industries is lacking, which limits theoretical advancements. This dissertation offers a deeper exploration of these dynamics in two distinctive ways. Regarding industrial dynamics, the research shifts focus to firms' technological investments, identifying investing firms (i.e., technological entrants), and not only commercializing ones. A focus on the firms’ first technological investment, i.e., technological entry, is crucial to identify the technological entrants in an industry. Technological entry is the first technological investment undertaken by firms, regardless of any subsequent value capture mechanisms in the product-market. Product-market entrants are a specific sub-group of technological entrants: each firm’s technological entry precedes product commercialization. Firms that engage in technological entry are de facto firms that commit resources in nascent industries and should be consistently more integrated into industrial dynamics. The first paper of this thesis aims to systematize technological entrants’ main decisions into a conceptual model. Technological investments are a sequence of events that encompass (i) technological entry and subsequent investments and (ii) five main interrelated aspects (whether/who, when, where, what, and how to invest). In addition, this model includes factors that influence firms’ technological investments (i.e., pre-investment experience), main intervening mechanisms, and boundary conditions enabling market entry and industry emergence; against this background, avenues for future research are introduced. The second paper of the thesis instead proposes methodological guidelines for framing and easing data collection. The paper develops a practical tool, a question-driven checklist, on methodological considerations and underlying issues that scholars face when selecting an industrial context and defining their data collection method (e.g., industry boundaries, sampling). These guidelines are applied to collect data on technological and product-market entrants in the US commercial drone industry (2000-2023), where various indicators and proxies (e.g., drone projects, alliances, startups securing financing rounds) together with advanced machine learning techniques are applied to ensure firms’ commitment to drone technology's commercial market applications. We then trace technological entrants’ history to identify those transitioning into the product-markets. Evidence on entry patterns and statistics on entrants’ patent portfolios classified through machine learning algorithms underscores the effectiveness of our data collection approach. The third paper investigates how the timing of the first technological investment shapes product-market entrants’ subsequent exit patterns in nascent industries. We conceptualize four distinct entry-timing choices based on the interplay between technology and product-market dimensions: being a pioneer in both technology and product-market, being a pioneer in technology and a follower in the product-market, being a follower in technology but a pioneer in the product-market, or being a follower in both technology and product-market. Drawing on arguments from first-movers advantages theory, this paper investigates whether these entry-timing choices exhibit different firm exit modes, distinguishing between closure and merger and acquisition. Regarding institutional dynamics, this research examines the public's judgment of the core technologies underlying nascent industries. Their judgments are the core of institutional dynamics and, therefore, crucial for legitimizing the core technologies. In this realm, recent advancements in institutional theory reconciled legitimacy is inherently multi-level and occurs: (i) at the collective-level, as an institutionalized perception of appropriateness (i.e., validity), and (ii) at the individual-level, as a social judgment that an entity is approved (i.e., propriety). Two types of perceptual inputs affect individual legitimacy judgment: individual features and beliefs conveyed from the institutional environment. Empirically, the fourth paper of this research investigates the extent to which the perceived benefits and risks of the technology, as well as exposure to validity cues (i.e., institutional sources that influence beliefs about an entity's validity), influence individual judgment and under which conditions diverse inputs matter the most. In particular, individual evaluative mode, i.e., their preparedness to actively expend cognitive effort when assessing whether a technology is appropriate, affects under which conditions these inputs matter. The fifth paper of this thesis extends the set of individual factors related to characteristics (e.g., age, gender), attitudes (e.g., prior experience with related technologies), and institutional elements of the areas in which citizens reside (e.g., transportation service offerings, level of innovativeness) that affect individual judgment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/237258