Mountain tourist territories in Europe are undergoing a structural transition, shaped by the tension between dominant industrial tourism-based economies and the growing pressures of global crises including climate change and shifting sociocultural paradigms. Established tourist destinations are increasingly challenged by snow unreliability, rising temperatures, water scarcity, glacier retreat combined with over-tourism issues and residential displacement. At the same time, minor destinations and surrounding territories are experiencing rising tourism demand, generating new spatial and socio-economic dynamics. In this framework, the transformative action of tourism on mountain territories, the rise of new destinations, the multifaceted dimensions of crises and the geographical diffusion of the investigated processes advocate a territorial, integrated and cross-sectoral approach to support the broader regeneration of mountain tourist regions. Given the complexity of tourism-related dynamics, this research employs a research-by-design methodology to investigate the interrelations between tourism development and mountain territorial structures assessing impacts, risks and opportunities, while envisioning pathways for integrating tourism into an increasingly fragile mountain context. The Alta Valtellina region, in the Lombard Alps, serves as a case study to test the proposed methodology, building on the common challenges of Alpine macro-region. First, a pre-design phase is provided, in which a GIS-based assessment and spatialization of 21 territorial indicators identifies, measures and spatialize the challenges faced by the Alta Valtellina region. This analysis carries out four interpretative frameworks that capture the key interactions between tourism development and mountain territorial structures in terms of conditions, risks and opportunities: (1) hotspots, (2) fringes, (3) places of unexpressed potential, (4) valleys of environmental value. To cope with the critical issues resulted from the analysis, a design phase is proposed to tackle the regeneration of Alta Valtellina by building strategic-spatial planning devices structured around a holistic, integrated and transcalar approach of both strategic and operational nature. In this framework three territorial strategies, sixteen goals and related design actions are defined for the whole Alta Valtellina. These actions are further elaborated through operational guidelines for their implementation. The concentration of multiple design actions identifies critical areas requiring targeted interventions. For these areas, the research proposes masterplans that translate territorial strategies into concrete spatial transformations at the local scale. This research demonstrates that tourism is a territorial question, as it interrelates with spatial structures, shaping imaginaries of places, influencing norms and impacting on socio-economic processes. These interrelations, further complexified by global crises, are producing new geographies that are exceeding the boundaries of tourism, its practices and its traditional spatial configurations. The Alta Valtellina case study illustrates and questions the critical role of spatial planning in addressing these emerging challenges, calling for new planning approaches capable of managing tourism as part of broader territorial transformations. In addition, it provides practical and operational solutions to local actors, guiding the tourism transition toward the overall territorial regeneration. Building on this site-specific case, the proposed methodology aspires to evolve into a transferable model, providing a comprehensive framework and a set of planning and design tools to address the challenges of sustainable regeneration of mountain tourist regions.
I territori turistici nelle Alpi stanno da tempo attraversando una fase di crisi strutturale che ne mette profondamente in discussione gli assetti spaziali e funzionali. Il cambiamento climatico e l’evoluzione dei paradigmi socioculturali rappresentano i principali drivers delle trasformazioni in corso, delineando nuove geografie e configurazioni territoriali che tuttavia presentano elementi di criticità rilevanti. In questo quadro, alcune destinazioni turistiche sono soggette a processi di contrazione demografica ed economica significativi, mentre altre continuano a crescere, perpetuando modelli di sviluppo obsoleti e generando ulteriori pressioni sui sistemi ambientali e antropici sempre più fragili. Da un lato, il fenomeno dell’overtourism in alcune località alimenta lo sfruttamento intensivo delle risorse naturali, ormai scarse, aumentando i conflitti sull’uso di tali risorse. Dall’altro, l’eccessiva pressione turistica produce un impatto significativo sui sistemi abitativi del territorio, spingendo le popolazioni locali a trasferirsi verso le aree più periferiche. Tali processi si combinano al recente interesse verso località più marginali che emergono come portatori di valori paesaggistici, culturali e ambientali distintivi, soprattutto alla luce di nuove forme di residenzialità. In questo scenario, l’azione trasformativa del turismo sui territori montani, l’emergere di nuove destinazioni, la molteplicità delle crisi in atto e la diffusione geografica dei processi osservati richiedono un approccio territoriale, integrato e intersettoriale, per sostenere la rigenerazione complessiva delle regioni turistiche montane. Considerata la complessità delle dinamiche legate al turismo, la ricerca adotta una metodologia di research-by-design per indagare le interrelazioni tra sviluppo turistico e strutture territoriali montane, valutando impatti, rischi e opportunità, e immaginando percorsi di integrazione del turismo in un contesto montano sempre più fragile. La regione dell’Alta Valtellina, nelle Alpi lombarde, viene assunta come caso studio per testare la metodologia proposta, facendo leva sulle sfide comuni dell’intera macro-regione alpina. In una prima fase pre-progettuale, viene condotta un’analisi GIS che valuta e spazializza 21 indicatori territoriali, identificando e mappando le principali criticità dell’Alta Valtellina. Da tale analisi emergono quattro quadri interpretativi che descrivono le principali interazioni tra sviluppo turistico e strutture territoriali montane in termini di condizioni, rischi e opportunità: (1) hotspot, (2) fringes, (3) places of unexpressed potential, (4) valleys of environmental value. Per affrontare le criticità emerse, si propone una fase progettuale volta alla rigenerazione dell’Alta Valtellina attraverso dispositivi di pianificazione strategico-spaziale, articolati secondo un approccio olistico, integrato e transcalare, di natura sia strategica che operativa. All’interno di questo quadro vengono definite tre strategie territoriali, sedici obiettivi e le relative azioni progettuali per l’intera Alta Valtellina. Tali azioni sono ulteriormente sviluppate attraverso linee guida operative per la loro attuazione. La concentrazione delle azioni progettuali individua aree critiche che richiedono interventi mirati. Per queste aree, la ricerca propone lo strumento del masterplan per tradurre le strategie territoriali in trasformazioni spaziali concrete a scala locale. La ricerca dimostra che il turismo è una questione territoriale, poiché interagisce direttamente con le strutture spaziali, modella gli immaginari dei luoghi, influenza politiche e assetti istituzionali e incide sui processi socio-economici. Recentemente, tali interrelazioni sono ulteriormente sollecitate delle crisi globali, producendo nuove geografie che superano i confini tradizionali del turismo, delle sue pratiche e delle sue configurazioni spaziali convenzionali. Il caso studio dell’Alta Valtellina evidenzia e interroga il ruolo cruciale della pianificazione spaziale nell’affrontare queste sfide emergenti, richiamando la necessità di nuovi approcci in grado di governare il turismo come parte di più ampie trasformazioni territoriali. Infine, la ricerca fornisce soluzioni pratiche e operative agli attori locali, orientando la transizione turistica verso una rigenerazione territoriale complessiva. A partire da questo caso specifico, la metodologia proposta ambisce a evolversi in un modello trasferibile, offrendo un quadro complessivo e un insieme di strumenti di pianificazione e progetto per affrontare le sfide della rigenerazione sostenibile dei territori turistici montani.
Regenerating mountain tourist territories in the Alps : spatial-strategic devices for planning the transition of the Alta Valtellina region towards a new livability
Mazza, Francesca
2024/2025
Abstract
Mountain tourist territories in Europe are undergoing a structural transition, shaped by the tension between dominant industrial tourism-based economies and the growing pressures of global crises including climate change and shifting sociocultural paradigms. Established tourist destinations are increasingly challenged by snow unreliability, rising temperatures, water scarcity, glacier retreat combined with over-tourism issues and residential displacement. At the same time, minor destinations and surrounding territories are experiencing rising tourism demand, generating new spatial and socio-economic dynamics. In this framework, the transformative action of tourism on mountain territories, the rise of new destinations, the multifaceted dimensions of crises and the geographical diffusion of the investigated processes advocate a territorial, integrated and cross-sectoral approach to support the broader regeneration of mountain tourist regions. Given the complexity of tourism-related dynamics, this research employs a research-by-design methodology to investigate the interrelations between tourism development and mountain territorial structures assessing impacts, risks and opportunities, while envisioning pathways for integrating tourism into an increasingly fragile mountain context. The Alta Valtellina region, in the Lombard Alps, serves as a case study to test the proposed methodology, building on the common challenges of Alpine macro-region. First, a pre-design phase is provided, in which a GIS-based assessment and spatialization of 21 territorial indicators identifies, measures and spatialize the challenges faced by the Alta Valtellina region. This analysis carries out four interpretative frameworks that capture the key interactions between tourism development and mountain territorial structures in terms of conditions, risks and opportunities: (1) hotspots, (2) fringes, (3) places of unexpressed potential, (4) valleys of environmental value. To cope with the critical issues resulted from the analysis, a design phase is proposed to tackle the regeneration of Alta Valtellina by building strategic-spatial planning devices structured around a holistic, integrated and transcalar approach of both strategic and operational nature. In this framework three territorial strategies, sixteen goals and related design actions are defined for the whole Alta Valtellina. These actions are further elaborated through operational guidelines for their implementation. The concentration of multiple design actions identifies critical areas requiring targeted interventions. For these areas, the research proposes masterplans that translate territorial strategies into concrete spatial transformations at the local scale. This research demonstrates that tourism is a territorial question, as it interrelates with spatial structures, shaping imaginaries of places, influencing norms and impacting on socio-economic processes. These interrelations, further complexified by global crises, are producing new geographies that are exceeding the boundaries of tourism, its practices and its traditional spatial configurations. The Alta Valtellina case study illustrates and questions the critical role of spatial planning in addressing these emerging challenges, calling for new planning approaches capable of managing tourism as part of broader territorial transformations. In addition, it provides practical and operational solutions to local actors, guiding the tourism transition toward the overall territorial regeneration. Building on this site-specific case, the proposed methodology aspires to evolve into a transferable model, providing a comprehensive framework and a set of planning and design tools to address the challenges of sustainable regeneration of mountain tourist regions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Phd Thesis_FrancescaMazza_digitalversion.pdf
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ANNEX 1_compatibility with supra-local planning tools.pdf
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ANNEX 2_actionsmap.pdf
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ANNEX 3_Masterplan.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/238580